Metabolic Consequences of Obesity W9

Question 1

What type of adipokines does adipose tissue produce?

Answer 1

Leptin
Adiponectin
Resistin
ap2

Question 2

What type of cytokines does adipose tissue produce?

Answer 2

TNFa
IL-6

Question 3

What is tyrosine?

Answer 3

Important amino acid within the amino acid chain

Shown when amino acid changes shape

Exposure causes auto-phosphorylation

Question 4

To uptake glucose into the cell, what does GLUT4 need to do?

Answer 4

GLUT4 needs to move into the cell membrane to allow glucose to enter via channels created by these transporters

Question 5

What is a cascade event?

Answer 5

A series of phosphorylation between different proteins

Question 6

What is serine?

Answer 6

Blocks tyrosine
(prevents tyrosine from being phosphorylated)

Question 7

When does decreased TG clearance and increased FFA release become an issue?

Answer 7

Post-prandial state

Question 8

How does insulin resistance affect lipid storage/transport?

Answer 8

Decreased TG clearance
Increased FFA release

Question 9

What does LPL do?

Answer 9

Breaks down bonds in triacylglycerol
Liberates FFA so they can be taken up from surrounding tissues

Question 10

What does HSL do?

Answer 10

Release fat stores in adipocytes

Question 11

What does insulin do in healthy individuals?

Answer 11

Positive effect on LPL
Inhibits HSL

Question 12

What is obesity?

Answer 12

Loss of control of HSL
Causes “leakage” from adipose tissue into the blood stream

Question 13

What do TAG-rich VLDL do?

Answer 13

Unload TAG onto HDLs and LDLs

Question 14

What are TAG-rich HDLs catabolised by?

Answer 14

Kidney

Question 15

What does the catabolising of TAG-rich HDLs lead to?

Answer 15

HDLs

Question 16

Where does TAG get hydrolysed?

Answer 16

TAG-rich LDLs

Question 17

What does hydrolysation of TAG by TAG-rich LDLs lead to?

Answer 17

Smaller and more dense LDLs

Question 18

How is there increased delivery of cholesterol to vessel walls?

Answer 18

VLDL increases
Cholesterol content increases

Question 19

What role does HDL have on LDL?

Answer 19

Antioxidant role

Question 20

What is the effect of TAG-Rich VLDL on lipoprotein profiles?

Answer 20

Fewer HDL particles to engage in reverse cholesterol transport
VLDL increases
Cholesterol content increases

Question 21

What are modified LDLs like?

Answer 21

Pro-inflammatory
Initiate plaque formation

Question 22

What are small LDL particles like?

Answer 22

Atherogenic

Question 23

What happens when HDL cholesterol transports to VLDL?

Answer 23

Less reverse cholesterol transport

Question 24

What is adipokines relationship with obesity?

Answer 24

Increased
Insulin resistance

Question 25

What is adiponectin relationship with obesity?

Answer 25

Reciprocal (decreased)
Fatter you are, less you have
Insulin sensitivity

Question 26

What does leptin do?

Answer 26

Make tissues insulin resistant

Question 27

What may lower levels of adiponectin contribute to?

Answer 27

Glucose intolerance

Question 28

What does Malonyl-CoA inhibit?

Answer 28

Fat metabolism and CPT1

Question 29

What detrimental effects may excessive fat mass have on the lipoprotein profile

Answer 29

Increased VLDL-TAG
Decreased HDL-c

Question 30

What reduces the action of insulin?

Answer 30

Poorer storage of TAG (post-prandial)