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Exercise Metabolism > Exercise and Glycaemic Control W10 > Flashcards

Exercise and Glycaemic Control W10 Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 key steps does exercise increase the uptake of glucose?

A

1) Delivery
2) Transport across the muscle membrane
3) Intracellular flux through metabolic processes
- Glycolysis
- Glucose Oxidation

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2
Q

What is deoxy glucose?

A

Glucose molecule that cannot be metabolised (cannot enter glycolysis)
The molecule just accumulates in the cell for a marker of glucose uptake

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3
Q

Can glucose uptake occur if there is no insulin signalling?

A

Yes

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4
Q

When does GLUT4 return back to its inactive position after exercise?

A

2 hours (CHO golden window)

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5
Q

What does an enzyme end in “kinase” do?

A

Phosphorylates

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6
Q

What is AMP activated kinase activated by?

A

AMP

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7
Q

What activates enzymes in an exercising muscle?

A

ATP is converted to ADP and AMP

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8
Q

What activates AMP?

A

Transient fluxes in Ca

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9
Q

What is AICAR converted into?

A

ZMP

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10
Q

What is ZMP?

A

Tricks cell into thinking AMP is leaving the body= causes AMP to be activated

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11
Q

When does an insulin receptor become phosphorylated?

A

When it is exposed to insulin on the outside

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12
Q

What does phosphorylation of insulin receptor cause?

A

Leads to phosphorylation cascades that ultimately lead to GLUT4 being translocated up onto membrane

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13
Q

What does the Rab-GTP protein do?

A

Allows translocation to the membrane
Prevents the conversion of Rab-GTP to Rab-GDP

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14
Q

What is the state of “Rab” protein influenced by?

A

Protein TBC1D4

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15
Q

Where is GLUT4 active position?

A

Membrane

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16
Q

How does GLUT4 translocate?

A

It attaches onto a little cytoskeleton which moves the protein up the membrane

17
Q

What does Protein TBC1D4 drive in Rab in its unphosphorylated form?

A

Drives it into its GDP form

18
Q

What does Protein TBC1D4 drive in Rab in its phosphorylated form?

A

Drives it into its GTP form

19
Q

What is Protein TBC1D4 phosphorylated by?

A

Insulin
AKT

20
Q

What are the effects of a single exercise bout on glycaemic control?

A

Increased perfusion of active muscle exposure to target tissue

Translocation of GLUT4 to cell membrane

Sensitisation of insulin response

Increased expression of GLUT4 gene

Increased glycogen synthase activity

21
Q

What is sensitisation of insulin response?

A

Phosphorylation of TBC1D4

22
Q

What is translocation of GLUT4 to cell membrane regulated by?

A

Intracellular calcium
AMPK
Nitric Oxide

23
Q

How can exercise training alter glycaemic control?

A

1) Delivery of glucose and insulin to the muscle

2) Insulin

3) Amount of GLUT4

4) Glycogen Synthase activity

24
Q

Why do type 2 diabetic individuals have an inability to accept fat?

A

In type 2 diabetes, there is more of the fat transporter CD36 up on the membrane and less of it in the inside of the cell

Results in muscle increasingly likely to accept fat
(This causes more TAG stores inside the muscle)

25
Q

What is mitochondrial biogenesis?

A

Production of new and potentially bigger mitochondria

26
Q

When a peak is activated, what can it stimulate?

A

AMP
Ca

27
Q

What does the stimulation of Ca cause?

A

Activates AMP

28
Q

What happens when PGC-1alpha is switched on?

A

Stimulates production of new mitochondria (mitochondrial biogenesis)

29
Q

What is AMPK influence on fatty acid oxidation in muscle?

A

Increases fatty acid oxidation

30
Q

What inhibits the transport of fat into the mitochondria?

A

Malonyl-CoA

31
Q

What do type 2 diabetic individuals see in the metabolic paradox?

A

See large stores of intramuscular triglycerides due to inactivity (turnover of these stores are minimal)
See lipid derivates to be produced (interferes with the insulin seeking cascade)

32
Q

What is AMPK primary factor?

A

Improves insulin sensitivity

33
Q

What does activated PGC1alpha do?

A

Produce more mitochondria

34
Q

What does AMPK does?

A

Increase the amount of GLUT4 produced in the muscle
It translocate GLUT4 to the active position to stimulate it

35
Q

What does the ACC enzyme do?

A

Reduces amount of malonyl-CoA

36
Q

What are the effects of training on glycaemic control?

A

Muscle hypertrophy

Less inhibition of insulin-induced capillary perfusion

Muscle capillary density

Increased insulin signalling

Reduced intramuscular concentration of fat moieties (DAG) and inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation

Increased TBC1D4 (and phosphorylation) with regular activity

Increased mRNA and protein of GLUT4 transporter

Increased enzymes of glucose storage and oxidation

37
Q

Why may increased insulin signalling occur?

A

May be due to reduced adiposity and changes in circulating adipocytokines

Exercise Metabolism (36 decks)

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