Media Selection And Presentation Of The News Flashcards
Couldry on ownership bias in the media
Couldry (2007) argues that this as led to a lack of public trust in the media especially ir young audiences as we are aware that there is a lack of objectivity in reporting.
Bagdikian
Bagdikian (2004) suggests that the importance of advertising means news reports are created in such a way to avoid offending advertisers with stories watered down or killed off all together.
example, shell being held responsible for the hanging of ken saro wiwa and 8 other leaders of the ogoni tribe in southern nigeria
Curran
Curran (2009) agree arguing to attract a higher number of consumers news stories ness to appeal to everyone and offend no one,- unless it offends a few, but attracts more r consumers.
This leads to conservatism in the media - this means minority views are not presented. Garnett and Gaber (2011) argue that such pressures lead to a less critical approach to
Teporting politics.
Gatekeeping
Gate keeping.
The media’s power to refuse to cover some issues and to let others through is called GATE-KEEPING. McQuail (1992) argued that ‘news’ is not objective or impartial. Events happen, but this does not guarantee that they become news. The reality is that news is actually a socially manufactured product as gatekeepers such as editors, journalists and sometimes owners, make choices about what events are important enough to cover and how to cover them. Stories that pose a threat to the status quo or dominant ideology will not be reported.
German and Chomsky
Herman & Chomsky (1988) argue that the media participate in propaganda campaigns helpful to elite interests. They suggest that media performance is largely shaped by market forces and that the capitalist system has filters inbuilt to shaped media output.
They argue there is solidarity between the wealthy owners and the goverment as they provide the information sources. The media are under threat of losing funding from large organisations or government support so therefore the content is controlled. The media are also controlled by the virtues of free- market capitalism and the conservative ideology , at does not support any alternative
Hall
The hierarchy of credibility
Stuart Hall (1973) agrees that the media supports capitalist interest because those in powerful positions have better access to media institutions than those less powerful.
Hall argues that most journalists rank the opinions of police officers, politicians and siness leaders as more credible than pressure groups, trade unions or ordinary people. calls this group Primary definer and this the hierarchy of credibility.
Goode and Ben yehuda
Folke devil
Furedi
Furedi (1994) argues moral panics occur due to rapid social change as a way to gain control. He argues they are based on wider concerns. For example in the 1950’s young people got more economic power and at the same lime concern as arose over youth
Minder
Mcrobbie and Thornton
mora panics exist today with hew media?
McRobbie and Thornton (1995) claim that the concept of moral panic is both outdated and in decline. Their argument is that the media has become more developed, whilst at the same time the media’s audience has become increasingly sophisticated. They argue that media generated moral panics are now less common. This is because of 24/7 reporting and intense competition belween medic organisations and different types of media. Web based blogs, social networking sties, safeilie iv and the change in demane for print media have changed the tworking sites, satellite TV avenis that may have epor caused a moral panic. Pluralists and postmodernsis arave that diversily of media repor now much more scoolion of the audience throuch citzen jour daieve them. Most dr on events and the opinion of the audience through citizen journalism that people die auwealso have a short shelf life as they wil not be newswerthy long enough to build ar audience. This links to Postman’s concept of a ‘3-minute culture
Thussu
Win contrast, Thussu (2007) argues that the globalisation of television and the global competition between media conglomerates has led to TV news becoming tabloidized or more like entertainment. He called it GLOBAL INFOTAINMENT - designed to inform whilst at the same time entertain. The emphasis is on crime, celeb culture, corruption and violence rather than current affairs. This is accompanied by a global feel-good factor based on western consumerist lifestyles. He says this works by diverting people’s attention away from serious issues such as war and global inequality. This provides evidence that global news lulls people into an UNCRITICAL STATE OF PASSIVITY, making them less likely to challenge the dominant ideals.
Churnalism
1) The rise of churnalism)
The term churnalism was originally devised by Waseem Zakir, to describe the trend whereby journalists are uncritically churning out articles based on second hand news agency reports, pre-packaged press releases and other sources.
Davies (2007) found that 80% of stories in The Times, The Guardian, Independent, Daily Mail and Daily Telegraph were wholly or partially constructed through second hand news
Jewell (2014) showed how advertorials, (branded news stories) were becoming increasingly appearing on online news sites e.g. “New M&S advert, watch it here first” This blurs the line between advertising and news.
Task 20: What are the links to the following areas- consider how they can explain churnalism.
1) Organisational factors
2) Pluralist approach
Philo and berry from the gmg
Philo and Berry from the GMG (2011) found the British coverage of the Palestinian Israeli conflict relied heavily on from official Israeli perspectives, lots of the media focussed on Palestinian militants and ignored assassinations by Israeli forces.
Ashuri
Ashuri (2012) Showed how citizen journalism can help overcome this bias. In her study of Machsom watch (a women’s organisation that help monitor human rights of Palestinians she showed how the group offered alternative views through their own reports, videos and photos their website.
Bivens
Bivens (2008) suggests citizen journalism through mobile phone pictures and video recording at the scene of news events and audiences blogging and creating news through social media has led to the transformation of news reporting, She points out that these have been used to expose corruption by politicians celebs the police and private institutions.
Citizen journalism makes these individuals more accountable for their actions. When news is uploaded, it attracts a large audience around the world who can then share this and make it go viral.
Galtung and ruge
Identified following set of news values
Extraordinariness/ Unexpectedness
Threshold
Unambiguity
Reference to elite persons
Reference to elite nations
Personalisation
Frequency
Continuity
Narrative
Negativity
Composition
