Globalisation And Crime

Question 1

Corporate crime

Answer 1

Corporate crimes are becoming increasingly global and transnational with corporations more staff and money around the world to avoid prosecution.

They also shift manufacturing to where the health and safety regulations and state controls less than in the west.

Modern technology has also increased the opportunity of global and transnational crimes

Without cooperation it can be difficult to prosecute offenders from other countries.

Question 2

Held and mcgrew

Answer 2

Globalisation involves a process of deterritorialization this means that social, political and economic activities are no longer attached to one country but are transnational and stretched across the globe.

Question 3

Karofi and Mwanza

Answer 3

Global crimes
Karofi and Mwanza (2006) argue that globalisation has led to a growing criminal economy and new types of crime have emerged.

1. Illegal drugs trade - the global drugs market is worth over $322 billion- this is higher than the
   GDP (gross domestic gross and services produced each year) in 88% of countries around the world. This also contributes to local crime rates as people need to raise the money to buy these drugs once they are exported to the UK.
2. Human trafficking - This is the illegal movement of smuggling people for a variety of reasons from sexual exploitation to forced labour. This also includes the illegal removal of organs for transplants. This is also related to illegal immigration
3. Money laundering - this is concerned with making money that was obtained illegally look legit. This is necessary for drug dealers etc. that deal in large amounts of cash they need to clean their money to avoid detection. This is done through technology and makes it difficult for law enforces to track.
4. Cyber-crime - Refers to crimes using new media usually the internet. Cyber-crime is the fastest growing of criminal activities in the world. Both we based crimes and the use of the web to make contacts e.g. make a terrorist network. Detica (2011) estimates cyber-crime costs the UK $27 billion each year.

Question 4

Transnational organised crime

Answer 4

Transnational organised crime
Castells argues that globalisation has created transnational networks of organised crime, n operates in many countries. These employ millions of people and often work in conjunction the state and legitimate businesses.

Question 5

Carr

Answer 5

arr (2005) argues there are 2 main forms of global criminal networks.

1) Established Mafia - like the Italian American mafia, the Chinese Triads etc. These are long standing groups based around tradition and family and take advantage of globalisation.

2) Newer organised crime groups - which have emerged since globalisation and the collapse of communism in Russia and Eastern Europe.

Question 6

Glenny mcmafia

Answer 6

glenny (2009) McMafia
Glenny (2009) Uses the term McMafia to describe how transnational crime mirrors the activities of legal corporations such as McDonalds, who seek to provide the same goods and service all over the world.

In a sense, they, like McDonalds, are operating as purely self-interested economic organisations which instead of fast food provide sex, drugs, guns, body organs, porn etc.

Question 7

Hobbs and dunningham

Answer 7

Hobbs and Dunningham
Use the concept ‘glocal’ to explain how crime has developed.

This means it is still locally based but has increasing global connections

Locally based criminals supply local markets with drugs, prostitutes, counterfeit or smuggle goods which they buy from national ‘chains’ who themselves deal with global businesses

The driving force is economics with poorer nations supplying richer nations with illegal goods

Question 8

Disorganised capitalism

Answer 8

1. Disorganised capitalism
   lash and Urry (1987) argue that globalisation has been accompanied by less regulation and fewer state controls over business and finance - they refer to this as disorganised capitalism.

Corporations now work within global markets, moving money, manufacturing, staff and waste to keep profits high and labour costs low.

Question 9

Global risk society

Answer 9

Global risk society
Adopts a postmodernist view which states there has been an a rise in global risk consciousness The threat to people used to come from locally based crime and criminals but this has changed to include global threats such as terrorism

Because of this increased awareness of global threats individuals feel less secure

Also governments seek to control borders and immigration which can increase tensions between different racial/ethnic groups

This in turn can increase hate or racially motivated crime

Question 10

Tackling globalised crime

Answer 10

Tackling globalised crime
The prevention and prosecution of global crime requires policing and other CJA to operate internationally using agencies such as the UN, Interpol (international police organisation) and
Europol (European police office)