Media

Question 1

What does gerbner et Al believe in

Answer 1

he suggests that violence in the media leads to violent behaviour and anti social behaviour

Question 2

What do feminists such as dworkin believe in

Answer 2

They argue that excessive consumption of pornography encourages sexual violence and negative attitudes to women

Question 3

What does the hyperdermic syringe model say and what does it also go by

Answer 3

It also goes by the magic bullet and is a model that suggests audiences are passive,having media injected into their “veins”

Question 4

What does Morgan suggest

Answer 4

That porn is theory and rape is practice

Question 5

Name at least two criticisms of the hyperdermic syringe model

Answer 5

1.the model assumes everyone is passive and will act the same,though doesn’t take into account people’s experiences and character

2.it assumes audiences are passive,and easily manipulated

Question 6

What are the two real life cases that were examples of violent media influnence

Answer 6

The James Bulger case with blue paint involved in the murder influenced by Chucky 3

The murder of Suzanne capper who was injected with drugs,tortured with pliers and set the house on fire,and taunted her with the lines of the killer doll,also in Chucky 3

Question 7

Who is supporting evidence that violence does make you violent

Answer 7

Bandra and mcCabe and martin

Question 8

What did Bandra do

Answer 8

He composed an experiment,showed 3 groups of children a video of a bono doll,in some videos the doll was beat up,in some the doll was taken care of,the children who saw the violent video were violent,the ones who did not treated it accordingly

Question 9

What does mcCabe and Martin’s disinhibition effect state

Answer 9

They argue that the media has a disinhibition effect and in some situations the norms of society can be abandoned and can use violence to resolve issues

Question 10

What does Newson say

Answer 10

That teenagers and children are subjected to thousands acts of killing and acts of violence on television causing a DRIP DRIP effect and become desensitized to violence and accept violent behaviour as normal

And are ACTIVELY POSITIVE

Question 11

Do feminists support or argue against the HSM?

Answer 11

They agree

Question 12

What do fesbach and Sanger say

Answer 12

They found that screen violence is a safe outlet for people with aggressive tendencies-catharsis

They found teens watching violent TV were less aggressive

Question 13

What does jock young say

Answer 13

Seeing the effects of violence pain and suffering makes us more aware of the consequences for commiting offence so puts people off violence

Question 14

What does gauntlet say on the Hawthorne effect in research

Answer 14

Most studies are conducted in artificial context so lack validity. And are not clear on the definition of violence and whether different types of violence have different effects.faiks to out violence into context

Question 15

What is desensitisation so known as

Answer 15

The cultural effects model

Question 16

What is the uses and gratification model

Answer 16

The model says media does not make the audience violent

The audience use media to suit their needs and use violent media as an outlet-catharsis

The audience are active and aware

Question 17

What is the two step flow model

Answer 17

SOMETIMES the audience is made violent by media

If the opinion Leader is affected by the violent media messages then they could pass this violence into their audience who are PASSIVE

Question 18

What does the cultural effects model believe is specifically being spread

Answer 18

The dominant ruling class ideology,and that television is dumbed down

Question 19

What does Katz and lazarsfeld say

Answer 19

They suggest that personal relation ships and conversations with significant others,such as family result in modification of opinions.

They argue social media is dominated by an opinion Leader too and they believe in the two step flow model

Question 20

who talks on disinhibition

Answer 20

Mcabe and martin

Question 21

who talked on the hawthorne effect

Answer 21

gauntlet

Question 22

who talks on desensitisation

Answer 22

Newson

Question 23

who talks on catharsis

Answer 23

Fesbach and sanger

Question 24

who talks on sensitisation

Answer 24

jock and young

Question 25

what does klapper say

Answer 25

Klapper suggests the audience can filter out ideologies but long-term secondary socialisation by the media prevents the audience recognising when they’re being duped

Question 26

blumler and mcquail

Answer 26

People may immerse themselves in particular types of media to make up for the lack of satisfaction at work or in their daily lives. Blumler and McQuail called this DIVERSION

Question 27

what is surveillance

Answer 27

People use the media to obtain information and news in order to help them make up their minds on particular issues.   

Question 28

News values

Answer 28

Agenda setting

Gatekeeping

Moral panics
-divide and rule
-hegemony
-profit

Question 29

Marcuse

Answer 29

Some sociologists focus on the power of advertising - pester power
• Marxists such as Marcuse (1964) believe that the media transmits mass culture which is injected into the hearts of the population through ruling class propaganda. - can you think of an example?

Question 30

Norris

Answer 30

Norris (1999) claims that the media can influence voting behaviour. - explain

Question 31

Gauntlets

Answer 31

Hawthorne affect

Most studies are conducted in artificial context so lack validity. Not clear on the definition of violence - do different types of violence have different effects. Fails to put violence into context.

Question 32

Buckingham media literacy

Answer 32

Viewers are aware and are MEDIA LITERATE and cannot be manipulated

Question 33

Cumberbatch

Answer 33

Cumberbatch (2004) looked at over 3500 research studies into the effects of screen violence and concluded that there is still no conclusive evidence that violence shown in the media infuences of changes people’s behaviour, rather that media violence itself had been subjected to a ‘LYNCH MOB mentality with almost any evidence used to prove guilt.

Question 34

What does cultural effects theory also argue

Answer 34

Media has been DUMBED DOWN

Question 35

Curran

Answer 35

Curran (2003) argues that popular tabloid newspapers are also guilty of these ideologic practices and it is in their coverage of entertainment issues where this is most obvious.

Curran believes that by focusing on individual issues (and individual responses to them) our attention is diverted from collective societal issues (such as class inequality). The popular press also support a ‘common-sense’ view of the world that helos to maintain and justify existing inequalities

ALSO SUPPORTS NEO MARXISM

Question 36

GUMG RESEARCH UNCOVERED…

Answer 36

The GUMG research uncovered the following:

1) The sample saw the ideological message that the miners were to blame

2) Sympathy for miners was weakemed oy what people read and heard

3) Those who had not witnessed thestikys saw it as violent and legitimate

4) Very few rejected the message that the miners were to blame

Question 37

Phill

Answer 37

Philo (2001), noted that if the audience have no direct experience or knowledge of an issue then the ideological power of the media message will be strong and likely to shape an individuals dewed the social word. He dig ves inal wi. ur strong and model needs to be ‘dynamic and account for the fact that people may internalize or reject media messages based on their personal experiences

Question 38

Katz and lazarsfeld two step flow

Answer 38

Katz and Lazarsfeld (1965) suggest that personal relationships and conversations with significant others, such as family members, friends, teachers and work colleagues, result in people modifying or rejecting media messages. They argue that social networks are usually dominated by an OPINION LEADER i.e. people of influence whom others in the network look up to and listen to.

Though you can be an opinion leader of some groups not all

Question 39

ENCODING AND DECODING

Answer 39

ENCODING
Hall (1980) a Neo-Marxist suggests media texts (such as television news and current affairs programmes) are ENCODED with a particular meaning, which they expect media audiences to believe. Media is encoded by those who produce the media, such as owners, journalists, editors and TV producers for example. This meaning or encoding is what Hall calls the DOMINANT HEGEMONIC VIEWPOINT which takes the dominant ideology for granted and accepts it as the normal, natural and only sensible way of viewing social events.

DECODING
Hall then suggests most audiences will interpret or DECODE media texts exactly as they were intended because the views of the dominant class appear normal, natural and reasonable

Question 40

Reception analysis model

Answer 40

2) Reception Analysis - Morley (1980)
Applied Hall’s approach and based his study of audience interpretation (or decoding of messages) on the 1970s news programme Nationwide, Morley found that audiences were far from passive, they are much more active

• Instead, audiences made up their own minds and there was significant opposition to the views contained in the news programme.

• When people do accept the ideological position of the programme it was because they had personal knowledge and experience of the issue.

Question 41

All types of reading in reception analysis model

Answer 41

Morley (1980) suggested that people read or decode media in one of three ways:

1) Preferred reading
Audiences interpret or decode media texts in the same way they were encoded in the first place and in the way media producers would prefer.

For example, a preferred reading could be that most welfare benefit claimants are workshy ‘scroungers’.

2) Negotiated reading
The media audience generally accept the preferred reading, but may amend it to sor extent, to fit their own beliefs and experiences.

For example, they might accept that most benefit claimants are probably ‘scroungers but not all as they know of some really deserving cases.

3) Oppositional reading
A minority may reject the preferred reading altogether.

For example, rejecting the view of ‘scroungers’ and seeing claimants as really deserving as they face unemployment and inequality.

Question 42

Polysemic

Answer 42

The point of the reception analysis theory is to suggest that audiences are not passive, impressionable and homogeneous.
The way audiences decode media will be dependent on their own knowledge and experiences, the social groups they belong to and their social characteristics. Media content is POLYSEMIC, i.e. it attracts more than one type of reading or interpretation.

Question 43

BlUMLer and mcquail

Answer 43

All the uses and gratifications of the media:

Diversion

Personal relationships

Personal identity

Surveillance

Background wallpaper

Question 44

Park et al

Answer 44

Park et al (2009) - used the uses and gratifications model in a web survey of those who were members of Facebook groups. They used Facebook for:

Entertainment

Personal status

Informative purposes

Talking and meeting with others to achieve a sense of common community and peer support