Crime Prevention And Punishment

Question 1

All key terms

Answer 1

Deterrence/ Public protection/ Retribution/ Rehabilitiation/ Left realism/ Right realism/
Incapacitation/Situational crime prevention/ DIsplacement theory/ Environmental crime
prevention/ Social control/ Social and community crime prevention/ Recidivism

Question 2

All key names

Answer 2

Matthews (1997) Solomon (2006) Boorman dnd Hopkins (2012) Crawford and Evans (2012) Wilcon and Kelling/ Goffman/ Clarke/ Cornish and Clarke/ Garland (20011

Question 3

Four concerns to maintain social order

Answer 3

The criminal justice system is concerned with 4 inter-related aims which help to maintain social order.

1. Deterrence: deterring people from committing crime in the first place as people are afraid of the consequences
2. Public protection: it’s the primary role of the police to maintain public order, protect
   people from harm.
3. Retribution: is concerned with punishing criminals to make Sure they get their just deserts’
4. Rehabilitation: rehabilitative justice is the idea that alongside punishment offenders shouldbe reformed.

Question 4

Garland

Answer 4

Garland (2001) sUggests that at the start of the 20th century focus was placed on rehabilitation but since the 1970s there has been more focus on retribution; with people wanting harsher sentences -this is shown with the number or prisoners more than doubling 1970-2014 in an attempt to crack down on crime. Garland sees this as a shift in thinking from left realism to right realism:

1. Left realists: focus on the organisation of society and focUS on the inequality that exists and highlight the argument that it may be the environment that leads to crime being seen as the norm.
2. Right realists: emphasize the individual. They note that people choose to commit crime because the benefits outweigh the costs. Also society needs to look at ways to increase the costs of crime.

Garland argues this has led to a culture of control

Question 5

SITUATIONAL CRIME OREVENTION AND DISPLACEMENT THEORY WITH APE AND EVIDENCE

Answer 5

SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION AND DISPLACEMENT THEORY

Clarke (1992) emphasises that situational crime prevention is concerned with preventing crime in a particular location rather than catching offenders. It aims to make crime a less attractive choice for offenders, rather than reducing crime by improving society or trying to reduce crime by
Using harsh punishments as a deterrent.

This is achieved by ‘designing out crime’ and Using ‘target hardening measures. This involves creating barriers to prevent crime such as anti-climb paint, smart water, CCTV, locks, alarms, target policing, alcohol free zones etc. These aim to reduce crime in that area by making it difficult for offenders and increasing the chances of them being
Caught.

Cornish and Clarke (2003) also suggest using warning signs to remind groups they are being watched.

A03: Displacement theory is a major criticism of this as it suggests crime is simply displaced to a different area to other areas where the risks of being caught are lower. However, others such as

Felson and Clarke (2011) argue that SCP does work as offenders do not simply move elsewhere
they move to legitimate activities.

Evidence- felson-2002- port authority bus terminal

Question 6

Wilson and kelling

Answer 6

Realists such as Wilson and Kelling (1982) discuss the impact of the environment and surroundings on criminal behaviour. Crime is committed in areas that appear to have been neglected. they Use the Broken Windows Thesis to demonstrate this. They argue a broken window acts as a signal that an area has become disorganised. It is a signal that attracts social disorder and shOWs a lack
of community concern. When a broken window remains unrepaired then the area begins to deteriorate. In their view neighbourhoods give off an image that anything goes. They argue that communities need to take a zero-tolerance approach to low level vandalism. They need to keep neighbourhoods in good physical appearance and low level anti-social behaviour should be
punished harshly.

Question 7

Felson and clarke

Answer 7

Felson and Clarke (1998) put forward a routine activity theory. They argue crime occurs when:

1-there is a suitable target for an offender

2- there is no guardian e.g. surveillance, police or neighbourhood watch

3- there is a potential offender present to see if the first two exist.
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Question 8

Example of broken window thesis

Answer 8

New York subway carts

Question 9

Social community and crime orevention

Answer 9

Social and community crime prevention
Left realists see that it is both the offenders and victims that wory people the most are in
disadvanfaged areas. They argue in areas where there is high social exclusion criminality is a major issue. They argue we need to tackle deprivation within these communities, both cultural and material deprivation. Factors such as poverty, unemployment, poor hoUsing, poor education,
poor parenting, family conflict etc. are leading to communities of people who, because of their circumstances are at high risk of offending. There is also a lack of confidence in the police in deprived communities. The police respond to this by using military style policing in these areas. Left realists believe this is counterproductive as it creates a divide between the police and local residents. They argue focus needs to be placed on community cohesion, democratic policing.
multi- agency support networks such as social services, probation, NHS etc., parenting support and measures implemented to tackle deprivation such as improving facilitates.

Question 10

Perry preschool project

Answer 10

One of the best known community programmes aimed at reducing criminality is the Perry pre-school projects for disadvantaged black children.

An experimental group of 3-4 year olds were offered a two-year intellectual enrichment programmes, during which time they received home visits.

A longitudinal study followed the children’s progress afterwards and it showed vast differences between those who had been part of the study and those that had not. By the age of 30 they had fewer arrests for property crime, drugs and violence whilst more had graduated and were in employment.

It was calculated that for every dollar spent on the programme $17 were saved on welfare, prison and other costs.

Question 11

Boorman and hopkins

Answer 11

Conducted a survey on prisoner crime reduction and found 54% had one proven offence within one year and 68% had a proven offence after two years

Question 12

Matthews

Answer 12

Matthews (1997) argues that the scale of imprisonment has little impact on the crime rate. He argues that prisons are “Universities of crime” and they are “an expensive way of making bad people worse”. He argues there is very little chance for reform or rehabilitation in prison.

Question 13

Goffman

Answer 13

Goffman (1991) agrees arguing there are subcultures in prison that increase offending as people become labelled as ‘criminal’ they accept this as their master status.

Question 14

Crawford and evans

Answer 14

Argue there is now a focus on protecting victims rather than punishing offenders

Question 15

Braithwaite

Answer 15

Argues restorative justice is most effective when it involves reintegrative shaming

Question 16

FOUCALT

Answer 16

Sociologists are concerned with why punishment has changed over time from public spectacles or brutality and the infliction of bodily pain, to more civilised punishments we see in society today.

From a postmodern perspective FOUCALT (1991) argued that the changing structures of power in sOciety were responsible. He saw brutal public punishments not only as a deterrence but also as a demonstrafion of supreme power of the monarch over criminals- he called this SOVEREIGN POWER. As the power of the sovereign declined, a new form of state power developed which he calls DISCIPLINARY POWER. Criminals were controlled and punished by surveillance - behaviour was constantly monitored, managed, controlled and regulated. FOUCALT argued this was reflected in a change in punishment.

FOUCALT illustrates disciplinary power with ‘THE PANOPTICON’ this was a design
for a prison in which each prisoner in their cell were visible to the guards from a central watch tower, but the prisoners cannot see the guards:

Question 17

Matheisen synoptic surveillance

And thompson

Answer 17

1) Synoptic surveillance Mathiesen (1997) argues that instead of Panoptican surveillance which comes from authority we have synoptican surveillance where everybody watches everyone else.

Thompson (2000) agrees arguing that poweful groups such as politicians are fearful of how they will be presented in the media so this acts as a form of social control.

Question 18

Haggerty and ericson

Answer 18

2) The impact of media on surveillance - Foucalt’s idea is based on the control of physical bodies in a confined space; the prison. Haggerty and Ericson (2000) argue we no longer need a person physically present but now we can use CCTV to survey behaviour through facial recognition technology- they call this SURVEILLANT ASEMBLAGES - data is used as a key form of surveillance. Even down to what you buy at Tesco using your club card data.

Question 19

Freely and simon

Answer 19

3) Surveillance and risk management - Freeley and Simon (1994) argue that a new technology of power has emerged in the CJS foCUSsing on groups rather than individuals, that is not interested in preventing rehabilitation but is aimed at stopping crime in the first place and calculates the risk of a certain group being a victim or offender of a crime.

This can be seen in airport security as the screens identify risk factors based on known offenders- everyone then gets a risk profile, if you score high you may be stopped and searched.

Question 20

Rusche and kircheimer

Answer 20

From a Marxist perspective Rusche and Kircheimer (2007) see punishment as a system of social control and class domination in unequal society, they see the change from barbaric public punishment to the contemporary punishment as prisons being used for cheap labour as a change the economic interests of the ruling class.