Media Ownership: Private And State Ownership

Question 1

Bagdikian

Answer 1

Introduction:
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There has been increasing concern over ownership and control.
30 years ago, there were 4 TV channels - in 2014 96% of homes had digital TV, broadband connection. 93% of adults had a mobile, 61% had a smartphone
internet access.

• In 2018 the daily sales of national newspaper stood at around 10.4m with the of free newspapers increasing dramatically.

Bagdikian (2004) - Concentration of Ownership ‘Lords of the Global village’
Bagdikian (2004) points out in 1983 50 corporations controlled all the mediq.in \ 1992 just 22 companies owned and controlled all 90% of mass media in USA.

Bagdikian (2004) points out in 1983 50 corporations controlled all the medig in USA and in 1992 just 22 companies owned and controlled all 90% of mass media in USA.

<0000 owners.
By 2011 media ownershio in the USA was fotaly dominated by only. 5 corporations.
Time Warner, Disney, News Corp, Viacom, and CBS.

Question 2

Curran

Answer 2

Curran (2003) suggests that concentration of ownership of British newspapers is not a new henomenon. In 1937, four men, known as the ‘press barons’- owned nearly one in every wo daily newspapers sold in the UK. Today seven companies dominate newspaper ownership some of which are controlled by specific individuals:

Question 3

Mcphall

Answer 3

Electronic colonialism

Question 4

Murdoch

Answer 4

his UK printing operations HarperCollins and lhe Wall Street Journal In 1986, keen to adopt newer electronic publishing technologies, Murdo broadsheet.

world, followed closely by The Sun. In 1981, Murdoch bought The Times, hi Lealand before expanding into the United Kingdom in 1969, taking over tr In the 1950s and 1960s, Murdoch acquired a number of newspapers in AuStralia

Question 5

Horizontal integration

Answer 5

Cross media ownership - where big media companies own a wide range of media. TV, radio, cinema etc.

Question 6

Vertical integration

Answer 6

Some media companies are trying to control all aspects of the media to ensure maximum profits.

Question 7

Diversification

Answer 7

When companies branch out into a new area of media to spread the risk of loss. This may be unrelated to the media but it means if they lose money in one ared they have a safety net.

Question 8

Synergy

Answer 8

Media companies are using their different interests to package products in several ways for example a film soundtrack, game and ringtone as well as clothing and merchandise.

Question 9

Technological convergence

Answer 9

Relatively new concept = several
technologies in one product.
For example you can use you phone, TV, computer can access the net.

Question 10

Global conglomeration

Answer 10

Where media companies operate in the global market producing for example newspapers in several countries.

Question 11

Gramsci

Answer 11

Hegemony