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biology > Mastering Biology 1 questions > Flashcards

Mastering Biology 1 questions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Large amounts of DNA typically wrap around large proteins called ________; this forms the ________ structure of DNA.

A

Histones; tertiary

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2
Q

What is primarily responsible for the functional versatility observed in RNA?

A

Single-stranded RNA molecules will fold into different shapes based on interactions between their own bases.

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3
Q

What is responsible for the increased stability of DNA compared to RNA?

A

DNA is a more stable molecule because it lacks a hydroxyl group on the 2’ carbon.

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4
Q

Which of the following best describes tertiary structure of RNA?

A

A single nucleotide strand where multiple “stem and loop” structure begin to interact

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5
Q

How do the α and β forms of glucose differ?

A

Their ring structures differ in the location of a hydroxyl group.

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6
Q

A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a _____.

A

monosaccharide

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7
Q

What type of bond is formed between two sugars in a disaccharide?

A

Glycosidic linkage

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8
Q

Predict how the structure of cellulose would change if all of the β
-1,4-glycosidic linkages were changed to α
-1,4-glycosidic linkages.

A

The α
-glucose residues would all be oriented the same, and the molecule would coil into a helix.

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9
Q

1,4-glycosidic linkages

A

They’re found in starch and form helical structures

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10
Q

Which of the following polysaccharides contains peptide bonds?

A

Peptidoglycan is a structural polysaccharide found in bacterial cell walls. The sugars are modified with amino acids that can form peptide bonds to covalently link adjacent strands.

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11
Q

What are the primary functions of carbohydrates in cells?

A

cell identity, energy storage, raw material source for synthesis, and structure

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12
Q

How do carbohydrates contain and/or display information for cells?

A

Carbohydrates contain and display information at the cell surface.

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

If you hold a salty cracker in your mouth long enough, it will begin to taste sweet. What is responsible for this change in taste?

A

Amylase is a critical enzyme that initiates the breakdown of starch into glucose, which provides a sweet taste.

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15
Q

Starch

A

Food, basically energy source to humans that is broken down into glucose

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15
Q

Lipids that contain a high number of double bonds in their fatty acid chains will ________.

A

likely be liquid at room temperature

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16
Q

Integral membrane proteins are anchored in lipid bilayers. Which of the following groups of amino acid residues would likely be found in the portion that crosses the lipid bilayer?

A

Nonpolar groups because the interior of the membrane is nonpolar

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16
Q

he presence of cholesterol in the plasma membranes of some animal cells _____.

A

enables the membranes to stay fluid when cell temperature drops

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17
Q

Which of the following is the best explanation for why cholesterol decreases the permeability of biological membranes?

A

Because cholesterol is amphipathic, it fits in between the phospholipids and blocks diffusion through the membrane.

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18
Q

If a solution surrounding a cell is hypertonic relative to the inside of the cell, how will water move?

A

It will move out of the cell via osmosis.

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19
Q

Ions diffuse across membranes through specific ion channels down ________.

A

their electrochemical gradients

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20
Q

Which of the following structural features is common to cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan?

A

They can all form bonds between polymer chains that create parallel strands.

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21
Q

Which of the following is NOT a potential function of proteins?

A

Energy storage that can be easily digested and metabolized

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22
Q

Starch and cellulose ________.

A

are polymers of glucose

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23
Q

A strong acid like HCl _____.

A

dissociates completely in an aqueous solution

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24
Q

Which of the following best describes protein shape?

A

Proteins may fluctuate between inactive and active forms, where portions of the protein are disordered.

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25
Q

placed in a solution with a high concentration of potassium and no sodium. How would the cellular sodium-potassium pump function in this environment?

A

It would continue using ATP to pump sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

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26
Q

What is/are the variable structure(s) of a nucleotide?

A

the sugar and the base

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27
Q

If you mechanically shook a mixture of phospholipids and water, what would you expect to see when you observe the solution using an electron microscope?

A

Some lipids will have formed tiny vesicles filled with water.

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28
Q

What are the primary functions of carbohydrates in cells?

A

Cell identity, energy storage, raw material source for synthesis, and structure

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29
Q

Structurally, nucleotides are similar to what energy-rich molecule?

A

ATP

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30
Q

What determines the primary structure of a DNA molecule?

A

Deoxyribonucleotide sequence

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31
Q

What type of bond is directly involved in the formation of an α-helix?

A

Hydrogen bonds between amino acid residues

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32
Q

Which of the following would likely move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly?

A

CO2 because it is a small nonpolar molecule.

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33
Q

In terms of structure, how do channel proteins differ from carrier proteins?

A

Channel proteins are pores that are either open or closed to allow transport across, while carrier proteins have to change conformation to ensure molecules move from one side of the membrane to the other.

34
Q

Enzymes that readily break starch apart cannot hydrolyze the glycosidic linkages found in cellulose. Why is this logical?

A

The geometry of the bonds is different, and the shapes of enzyme active sites are highly specific.

35
Q

What are the primary functions of carbohydrates in cells?

A

cell identity, energy storage, raw material source for synthesis, and structure

36
Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding how cholesterol affects the fluidity and permeability of biological membranes?

A

At low temperatures, cholesterol increases membrane fluidity and permeability by reducing the extent to which phospholipids pack tightly together.

37
Q

Which of the following is the best explanation for why cholesterol decreases the permeability of biological membranes?

A

Because cholesterol is amphipathic, it fits in between the phospholipids and blocks diffusion through the membrane.

38
Q

What is primarily responsible for the functional versatility observed in RNA?

A

Single-stranded RNA molecules will fold into different shapes based on interactions between their own bases.

39
Q

The partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule is attracted to the partial positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?

A

a hydrogen bond

40
Q

lipids that contain a high number of double bonds in their fatty acid chains will ________.

A

likely be liquid at room temperature

41
Q

Which of the following polysaccharides contains peptide bonds?

A

Peptidoglycan is a structural polysaccharide found in bacterial cell walls. The sugars are modified with amino acids that can form peptide bonds to covalently link adjacent strands.

42
Q

In a nucleic acid polymer, the bonds that help to hold double-stranded regions together occur between what parts of the nucleotide monomers?
View Available Hint(s)

A

Across the two DNA strands, three hydrogen bonds form between GC base pairs and two hydrogen bonds form between AT base pairs.

43
Q

What do molecules have that make them soluble in water

A

Molecules that contain hydroxyl or Carboxyl are the most soluble in water

Molecules that contain Hydrocarbons are insoluble because its nonpolar

44
Q

Spontaneous reactions

A

Reaction that proceeds without an input of external energy

45
Q

what every organic molecules contain

A

a carbon

46
Q

Why ionic molecules dissolve and dissociate in water

A

Water is formed by a polar covalent bond

47
Q

What forms a triple bond

A

N2 is a triple bond

48
Q

What has the lowest concentration of protons

A

Low concentration of protons would have a high pH and would be a base. A high concentration of protons would have a low pH and be an acid.

49
Q

All the systems

A

Open system
Can exchange energy with the environment
Can exchange matter with environment

Closed system
Can exchange energy with environment
Cannot exchange matter with environment

Isolated system
Cannot exchange neither energy or matter with environment

50
Q

What’s necessary for an atom to particpate in the formation of a double covalent bond

A

The participating atoms must have two or more unpaired electrons

51
Q

What are substrates also known as

A

Reactants

52
Q

When did life become possible

A

Self-replicating molecule

53
Q

Protein’s quaternary structure

A

produced by combinations of two or more polypeptides.

54
Q

Linear of amino acids in a protein helps determine which level of protein structure

A

All of the levels of protein structure

54
Q
A
55
Q

Infectious disease-causing agents caused by protein misfolding are called

A

Prions

55
Q

Why do R groups that consist solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms rarely participate in chemical reactions

A

This is because they’re nonpolar and don’t interact with water well

56
Q

Important function of proteins in organisms

A

Impart mobility to entire cells and molecules within cells

57
Q

What part of the protein structure will destroy the tertiary structure

A

A chemical that breaks disulfide bonds

58
Q

Secondary structure

A

Hydrogen bonding between complementary bases

59
Q

Where does the energy for the polymerization of nucleotides come from

A

hydrolysis of phosphate groups from nucleoside triphophates

60
Q

Thymine and Uracil structure

A

Double bonded to Oxygen but Thymine is also contains Ch3, which uracil does not

61
Q

What piece of evidence was critical in proposing the RNA world theory

A

Discovery of ribozymes

61
Q

What does the nitrogen in the nitrogenous base bond too

A

The 1’ carbon of sugar

61
Q

Experiments in Bartel’s laboratory tried to generate ribozymes that could perform what functions

A

RNA replication and ribonucleotide production

62
Q

Glycoproteins

A

cell-cell recognition

63
Q

Predominant form of glucose dissolved in an aqeuous solution

A

Ring formation

64
Q

What polysaccharide has a modified monosaccharide

A

Chitin

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biology (40 decks)

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