Chapter 5, Introduction to Carbohydrates Flashcards
Carbohydrates structure (sugar)
Molecules that contain a carbonyl group, several hydroxyl groups and multiple carbon-hydrogen bonds.
Monosaccharides (simple sugar)
A molecule that has the molecular formula (CH2O). Smallest form of carbohydrates that cannot be broken down.
Trioses
A monosaccharide containing three carbon atoms
Pentose (ribose)
Monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms
Hexose
Monosaccharide (simple sugar) containing six carbon atoms
Oligosaccharides
small polymers that are linear or branched carbohydrate chain generally consisting of few than 50 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
polysaccharides
large polymers that is a linear or branched carbohydrate chain consisting of many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
How ring structures of monosaccharides are formed
Formed when the carbonyl group reacts with a hydroxyl group on another carbon. In the reaction a hydrogen atom is removed from C-5 hydroxyl and a hydrogen is added to the C-1 carbonyl group to generate a new hydroxyl group
2 ring structures of monosaccharides
alpha glucose and beta glucose
alpha glucose
Another ring of monosaccharides, OH is below the ring.
beta glucose
One of the rings formed from monosaccharides. The OH is above the ring
Aldose
Carbonyl group where C–O is at the end of the carbon chain
Ketose
Carbonyl group where C–O is within the carbon chain.
Why so many distinct monosaccharides exist
- Aldose or ketose placement of carbonyl group
- Number of carbons
- Different arrangements of hydroxyl groups in space
Disaccharide
A carbohydrate of two monosaccharide sugar residues linked together
glycosidic linkage
covalent bond formed by a condensation reaction between two sugar monomers. Takes out H20 and only leaves O. The location and geometry of glycosidic linkages can very widely among polysaccharides because every monosaccharide contains at least 2 hydroxyl groups and the linkages are formed between hydroxyl groups
hydrolysis
Inverse reaction of glycosidic linkages
Glucose structure
Has OH above H on the monosaccride
Galactose
Has H above OH on the monosaccride
Starch
Used for storage in plant cells
Glycogan
Polsysacchride composed of glucose monomers joined by alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 glycodidic linkages. Used for storage in animal cells and identifcal to branched form of starch
Cellulose
Used for structural support in cell walls of plants and many algae
Struvctural polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers joined by B-1,4-glycosidic linkages
Chilin
Used for structural support in cell walls of fungai and external skeletons of insects
Structural polysaccharide composed of N acetyl glucosamine monomers joined end to end by beta 1,4 glycosidic linkages
Peptidoglycan
Used for structural support in bacterial cell wall.
Sucrose
Combination of glucose and fructose
glycolipid
Any lipid molecule that is covalently bonded to one or more carbohydrates
glycoprotein
Any protein with one or more covalently bonded carbohydrates
photosynthesis
biological process that converts light energy to chemical energy stored in the carbohydrate G3P
energy storage molecules
starch and glycogen. Made up of glucose molecules that are joined by a-glycosidic linkages.
structural polysaccharides
cellulose and chitiin, and peptidoglycan. Monosaccharide monomers joined by B-1,4 glycosidic linkages.
Phosphorylase
An enzyme that breaks down glycogen by catalyzing hydrolysis (reverse of condensation reaction) of the a-glycosidic linkages between the glucose residues
Amylases
Any enzyme that can break down starch by catelyzing the hydrolysis of the alpha glycosidic linkages between glucose residues.
Most common polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
