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Biology > Chapter 5, Introduction to Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Chapter 5, Introduction to Carbohydrates Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Carbohydrates structure (sugar)

A

Molecules that contain a carbonyl group, several hydroxyl groups and multiple carbon-hydrogen bonds.

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1
Q

Monosaccharides (simple sugar)

A

A molecule that has the molecular formula (CH2O). Smallest form of carbohydrates that cannot be broken down.

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2
Q

Trioses

A

A monosaccharide containing three carbon atoms

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3
Q

Pentose (ribose)

A

Monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms

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4
Q

Hexose

A

Monosaccharide (simple sugar) containing six carbon atoms

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5
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

small polymers that are linear or branched carbohydrate chain generally consisting of few than 50 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

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6
Q

polysaccharides

A

large polymers that is a linear or branched carbohydrate chain consisting of many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

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7
Q

How ring structures of monosaccharides are formed

A

Formed when the carbonyl group reacts with a hydroxyl group on another carbon. In the reaction a hydrogen atom is removed from C-5 hydroxyl and a hydrogen is added to the C-1 carbonyl group to generate a new hydroxyl group

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8
Q

2 ring structures of monosaccharides

A

alpha glucose and beta glucose

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9
Q

alpha glucose

A

Another ring of monosaccharides, OH is below the ring.

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10
Q

beta glucose

A

One of the rings formed from monosaccharides. The OH is above the ring

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11
Q

Aldose

A

Carbonyl group where C–O is at the end of the carbon chain

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12
Q

Ketose

A

Carbonyl group where C–O is within the carbon chain.

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12
Q

Why so many distinct monosaccharides exist

A
  1. Aldose or ketose placement of carbonyl group
  2. Number of carbons
  3. Different arrangements of hydroxyl groups in space
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13
Q

Disaccharide

A

A carbohydrate of two monosaccharide sugar residues linked together

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14
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond formed by a condensation reaction between two sugar monomers. Takes out H20 and only leaves O. The location and geometry of glycosidic linkages can very widely among polysaccharides because every monosaccharide contains at least 2 hydroxyl groups and the linkages are formed between hydroxyl groups

15
Q

hydrolysis

A

Inverse reaction of glycosidic linkages

16
Q

Glucose structure

A

Has OH above H on the monosaccride

17
Q

Galactose

A

Has H above OH on the monosaccride

18
Q

Starch

A

Used for storage in plant cells

19
Q

Glycogan

A

Polsysacchride composed of glucose monomers joined by alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 glycodidic linkages. Used for storage in animal cells and identifcal to branched form of starch

20
Q

Cellulose

A

Used for structural support in cell walls of plants and many algae
Struvctural polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers joined by B-1,4-glycosidic linkages

21
Q

Chilin

A

Used for structural support in cell walls of fungai and external skeletons of insects
Structural polysaccharide composed of N acetyl glucosamine monomers joined end to end by beta 1,4 glycosidic linkages

22
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Used for structural support in bacterial cell wall.

23
Q

Sucrose

A

Combination of glucose and fructose

24
Q

glycolipid

A

Any lipid molecule that is covalently bonded to one or more carbohydrates

25
Q

glycoprotein

A

Any protein with one or more covalently bonded carbohydrates

26
Q

photosynthesis

A

biological process that converts light energy to chemical energy stored in the carbohydrate G3P

27
Q

energy storage molecules

A

starch and glycogen. Made up of glucose molecules that are joined by a-glycosidic linkages.

28
Q

structural polysaccharides

A

cellulose and chitiin, and peptidoglycan. Monosaccharide monomers joined by B-1,4 glycosidic linkages.

29
Q

Phosphorylase

A

An enzyme that breaks down glycogen by catalyzing hydrolysis (reverse of condensation reaction) of the a-glycosidic linkages between the glucose residues

30
Q

Amylases

A

Any enzyme that can break down starch by catelyzing the hydrolysis of the alpha glycosidic linkages between glucose residues.

31
Q

Most common polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Biology (40 decks)

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