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Biology > Chapter 26 and 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 26 and 27 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bacteria

A

One of three taxonomic domains of life

Consists of

unicellular prokaryotes are distinguished by cell walls composed largely of peptidoglycan.

Plasma membranes similar to those of eukaryotic cells, ribosomes

RNA polymerase that differs from those in archaea or eukaryotes

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2
Q

Archaea

A

One of three taxonomic domains of life

Consists of unicellular prokaryotes distinguished by cell walls made of certain polysaccharides not found in bacterial or eukaryotic cell walls.

Plasma membranes composed of unique phospholipid.

ribosomes and RNA polymerase similar to those of eukaryotes

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3
Q

What are the similarities in all bacteria and archaea

A

They are all unicellular and prokaryotic (lack membrane bound nucleus)

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4
Q

Eukarya

A

One of the three taxonomic domains of life, consists of unicellular organisms, multicellular organisms (fungi, plants, animals) distinguished by a membrane-bound nucleus, numerous organelles and a extensive cytoskeleton.

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5
Q

microbiome

A

community of microbes that naturally inhabits a particular area and encompasses all genetic material contained within it

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6
Q

How is bacteria and archaea different

A
  1. Bacteria has one type of RNA polymerase consists of five subunits and archaea has one type that consists of 13 subunits
  2. Peptidoglycan in cell wall: In bacteria it is present and in archaea it is absent
  3. First amino acid incorporated during translation: Formylmethionine in bacteria and methionine in archaea
  4. In bacteria histones are associated in DNA, in archaea it is not
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7
Q

Microbes

A

Any microscopic organism, including bacteria, archaea, and various tiny eukaryotes

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8
Q

Microbiology

A

Field of study concerned with microscopic organisms

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9
Q

Extremophiles

A

An organism that thrives in an “extreme” environment

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10
Q

Pathogens

A

Bacteria that cause disease. Effects tissues at the body’s entry points

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11
Q

Who confirmed the existence of bacteria and that it links to diseases

A

Robert Koch

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12
Q

Kosh’s postulates

A

Four criteria used to determine whether a suspected infectious agent causes a particular disease

Microbes must be present in individuals suffering from the disease and absent in healthy individuals.

The organism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture away from the host organism.

If organisms from pure culture are injected into a healthy experimental animal, the disease symptoms should appear

The organism should be isolated from the diseased experimental animal, and demonstrated by its size, shape, and color to be the same as the original organism

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13
Q

Germ theory of disease

A

The theory that infectious diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, and other microbes.

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14
Q

Infectious diseases

A

Disease caused by viruses, bacteria and fungi

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15
Q

Three ways infectious diseases are spread

A

Some are passed from person to person

Some are transmitted by bites from insects or animals

Some are acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water or being exposed to microbes in the surrounding environment

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16
Q

Virulence

A

Ability to cause disease

Heritable trait that varies among individuals in a population

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17
Q

Toxin

A

Poison produced by a living organism, such as a plant, animal, or microorganism

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18
Q

Endospores

A

Tough thick-walled dormant structures formed by bacteria during environmental stress

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19
Q

Endospores

A

Tough thick-walled structures formed during times of environmental stress, often in response to a lack of nutrients.

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20
Q

Antibiotics

A

Molecules that kill bacteria or stop them from growing.

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21
Q

Biofilms

A

dense bacterial colonies enmeshed in a polysaccharide-rich matrix that helps shield the bacteria from antibiotics

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22
Q

Enrichment culture

A

A method of detecting and obtaining cells with specific characteristics by placing a sample, under a specific set of conditions and isolating those cells that grow rapidly in response

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23
Q

Thermophiles

A

Bacterium or archaean that thrives in very hot environments

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24
Q

Metagenomics (environmental sequencing)

A

The inventory of all the genes in a community or ecosystem created by sequencing, analyzing, and comparing the genomes of the component organisms.

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25
Q

Direct sequencing

A

a technique based on isolating and sequencing a specific gene from organisms found in a particular habitat

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26
Q

Lateral gene transfer

A

The idea that genes move laterally between different species

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27
Q

Binary fission

A

Cell division used for asexual reproduction of prokaryote cells

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28
Q

Transformation

A

when bacteria or archaea take up DNA from the environment that has been released by cell lysis or secreted

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29
Q

Transduction

A

When viruses pick up DNA from one prokaryotic cell and transfer it to another cell

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30
Q

Conjugation

A

When genetic information is transferred by direct cell-to-cell contact

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31
Q

Steps to plasmid transfer via conjugation

A
  1. Two bacterial cells come into contact. One contains plasmid
  2. Copy of plasmid transferred from donor cell to recipient cell through a conjugation tube
  3. Recipient cell contains plasmid
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32
Q

Recombination via conjugation

A
  1. portion of main chromosomes are copied and transferred through conjugation tube to recipient cell
  2. Transferred portion of chromosome recombines with chromosome of recipient cell
  3. Recipient cell contains bacterial chromosome
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33
Q

In what ways are organisms diverse from each other

A

Size
Shape and arrangement
Motility

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34
Q

Structural differences betwen archaea and bacteria

A

archaea have unique phospholipids in their plasma membrane, and the bacteria have a unique compound called peptidoglycan in their cell walls

35
Q

Gram stain

A

A staining technique used to distinguish two types of cell walls

36
Q

Gram positive

A

Describes bacteria that looks purple with a gram stain.

Have cell walls composed out of extensive peptidoglycan and no outer phospholipid layer

37
Q

Gram negative

A

Describing bacteria that look pink when treated with a gram stain.

These bacteria have a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer phospholipid layer

38
Q

Phototrophs

A

Use light energy to excite electrons. ATP is produced by photophosphorylation

39
Q

Chemooganotrophs

A

Organisms that obtains ATp from oxidation of reduced organic compounds

40
Q

Autotrophs

A

Produce its own food from simple starting such as CO2 and methane

41
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients

42
Q

Chemolithotrophs

A

Bacteria capable of using inorganic molecules for their fueling reactions

43
Q

Three ways bacteria and archaea acquire energy to produce ATP

A

phototrophs
Chemoorganotrophs
Chemolithotrophs

44
Q

How bacteria and archaea obtain building blocks with carbon-carbon bonds

A

Autotrophs
Heterotrophs

45
Q

Fermentation

A

the process in which a substance breaks down into a simpler substance.

Allows cells to continue making ATP with no electron transport chain

46
Q

Oxygenic

A

Referring to any process or reaction that produces oxygen

47
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

Production of ATP molecules by ATP synthase using proton motive force generated either

(1) during photosynthesis, as light-excited electrons flow through an electron transport chain

(2) In some bacteria or archaea, as rhodopsin-like molecules absorbed light energy to pump protons across the plasma membrane to create a chemiosmotic gradient

48
Q

Methanotrophs

A

Prokaryotes that use methane as their carbon source

49
Q

Methanogens

A

Organisms produce methane as a by-product of cellular respiration

50
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

A lineage of photosynthetic bacteria formerly known as blue-green algae.
Known to have been the first to evolve photosynthesis

51
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

a chemical process that converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is absorbed by organisms

52
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms, consecutively passing from the atmosphere to the soil to organism and back into the atmosphere

53
Q

Endosymbionts

A

Organism that lives in symbiotic relationship inside the body of its host

54
Q

Fruiting bodies

A

Structure that forms in some prokaryotics, fungi, and protists for spore dispersal.

55
Q

Key lineages of bacteria and archaea

A

Actinobacteria, Chlamidyae, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Crenarchaeota (Eocytes), Euryarchaeota, and Thaumarchaeota

56
Q

bioremediation

A

use of bacteria and archaea to clean polluted sites using two strategies

  1. Fertilize contaminated sites to encourage the growth of existing bacteria and archaea that degrade toxins
  2. “Seeding” or adding, specific species of bacteria and archaea to contaminated sites
57
Q

Nitrogen-based fertilizers

A

When NH3 added to soil, much is used by bacteria as food, then bacteria release nitrates as water

58
Q

Anoxic dead zones

A

Created when nitrates are released into aquatic environments by nitrogen-based fertilizers and goes on to decrease oxygen

59
Q

Protists

A

Diverse group that include all eukaryotes except land plants, fungi, and animals

Paraphyletic which means it represents some of the descendants of a common ancestor but not all

No synapmorphies

60
Q

Common feature of protists

A

Live in environments where they are surrounded by water

61
Q

What is malaria and what is it caused by

A

Chronic health problems caused by 5 species of parasitic protist plasmodium

62
Q

Bloom

A

When unicellular species population grows rapidly and reaches high densities in aquatic environment

63
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

photosynthetic, toxic protists that cause harmful blooms

64
Q

Primary producers

A

Species that produce chemical energy by photosynthesis

65
Q

Phytoplankton

A

Photosynthetic plankton which makes half the total CO2 on Earth

66
Q

Plankton

A

protists and other small organisms that drift in open oceans or lakes are called plankton

Basis of the food chain

67
Q

Food chain

A

Describes nutritional relationships among organisms

68
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Allows greater diversity in eukaryotes by separating transcription and translation

69
Q

Support and protection for protists

A

Cell walls, hard external shells, rigid structures inside plasma membrane

70
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

When individuals of one species lives inside another for mutual benefit

71
Q

First eukaryote

A

Was created by endosymbiosis between 2 prokaryotes (archaea host and bacteria) that allowed for more efficient energy use

72
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Process by which certain living cells called phagocytes engulf other cells, particles and even pathogens

73
Q

Absorptive feeding

A

Nutrients taken up across plasma membrane, directly from the environment

74
Q

Decomposers

A

organisms that feed on dead organic matter

75
Q

Parasite

A

Absorptive feeders that live inside organisms and damages them

76
Q

How protists move

A

Amoeboid motion
Swimming via flagella or cilia

77
Q

Amoeboid motion

A

Sliding movement in some protists by streaming of pseudopodia

78
Q

How protists reproduce

A

Asexual reproduction based on mitosis
Sexual reproduction based on meiosis

79
Q

Life cycle

A

Describes sequence of events as individuals grow, mature and reproduce

80
Q

Alternation of generations

A

means that plants alternate between two different life stages, or generations, in their life cycle;

One phase of cycle based on haploid (n) and another on diploid (2n)

81
Q

Gametophyte

A

One multicellular stage of sexual reproduction process that produce haploid gametes

Two gametes fuse to produce diploid zygote

82
Q

Sporophyte

A

Multicellular diploid form; produces spores (haploid cells) by meiosis

Spores divide by mitosis to produce haploid gametophyte

83
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

only need carbon dioxide as a carbon source and obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances

Biology (40 decks)

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