Chapter 7 Inside the Cell Flashcards
What are the two fundamental types of cells
Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
What is morphology
Overall shape and appearance of an organism and its component parts
Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and prokaryotic cells do not
Phylogeny
Evolutionary history of a group of organisms
What 3 domains are organisms divided into
Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya
What domains are prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic and Eukarya are eukaryotic
Transmission electron microscope
A microscope that produces images by passing a focused beam of electrons through extremely thin sections of cells to visualize their internal structure
What are the similar components in prokaryotes structure and what’s different
All prokaryotes have at least one chromosome and many protein-synthesizing ribosomes are enclosed within a plasma membrane
What differs is the phospholipid components of archaeal and bacterial membranes, the structure of hydrocarbon chains and the types of linkages used to join hydrocarbon tails to glycerol heads and archaeal membrane is more stable in extreme environments
The difference between bacterial phospholipids and archaeal phospholipids
Bacterial phospholipids: Consist of fatty acids bound to glycerol
Archaeal phospholipids: Highly branched isoprenoid chains
Most prominent structure inside a prokaryotic cell and what does it have
Chromosome that consists of a large DNA molecule associated with proteins.
What is the nucleoid
The region of the cell where the circular chromosome is located
What are plasmids
Small, supercoiled DNA molecules that in prokaryotes
Why do circular chromosomes supercoil
To fit into the cell
What do ribosomes synthesize
Proteins by using genetic info by messenger RNA (referred to as macromolecular machines)
What is the cytoskeleton and what is it do
A network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm
It helps in cell shape support and transport of materials
Photosynthesis
chemical reactions that convert energy in sunlight into chemical energy, which is stored in sugars like glucose.
What are Organelles
specialized structures or enzymes inside a cell geared to do a specific function
What is a cell wall
Tough fibrous layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of bacterial and archaeal cells. Only in fungi, algae and plants
Protects the organism, gives it structural support.
Flagellum
A flagellum is a microscopic hair-like organelle used by cells and microorganisms for movement
Fimbria
Needlelike projection that extends from the plasma membrane and allows the bacteria to stick to a surface
Prokaryotic cell structure and functions
Fimbriae: Surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to other surfaces
Plasma membrane: Selective barrier allows passage of oxygen,
nutrients and waste
Cell wall: Rigid wall outside plasma
membrane, surrounds and supports cell
Nucleoid region: Contains DNA info that controls cell
Ribosomes: Where proteins synthesized
Flagellum: Structure that propels cell
What is included in the domain Eukarya
Protists, fungi, plants and animals
Why are eukaryotic cells different than prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells are much larger
Cytosol
The fluid portion between the plasma membrane and these organelles
2 advantages of compartalizing the large volume of eukaryotic cells
Incompatible chemical reactions can be separated.
Chemical reactions become more efficient.
Cytoskeleton
The structural framework of the cell. Tracks that transports materials from one place to another
Mitochondria
Double membraned organelle that creates ATP molecules
Nucleus
Enclosed by double membrane by nuclear envelope
Houses DNA that is wrapped around proteins
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes clamp onto strands of mRNA in here
Endomembrane system
Where protein processing occurs
Cell’s network of internal membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Part of EM system
Type types of ER
Rough: Covered with ribosomes and a network of branching sacs. Protein synthesis and processing
Smooth: Lacks ribosomes and is where lipids are produced
Golgi Apparatus
Proteins undergo further processing here and it also produces and modifies polysaccharides.
Lysosomes
Contains digestive enzymes and fuses with worn out mitochondrion to break it down. Breaks down many other cellular components as well with hydrolytic enzymes
Central vacuole
Stores various compounds produced by the cell, regulates the composition of the cytoplasm
Only plants and fungi contain large vacuoles.
Chloroplasts
Makes their own food by photosynthesis in chloroplasts.
What is the cisterna
Compartments that makeup the Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Organelle in animal cells and some plant cells that contain enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions and can digest large molecules.
Peroxisomes
Organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contain enzymes for oxidizing fatty acids and other compounds.
Glyoxysomes
Specialized peroxisomes only found in plant cells called glyoximes packed with enzymes that oxidize fatty acids to form a compound that can be used to store energy.
What is the mitochondrial matrix
The solution in the inner membrane, that contains mitochondrion DNA, ribosomes and enzymes.
Mitochondrion structure
Outer membrane is the surface and the inner membrane forms a series of cristae. The solution in the inner membrane is the mitochondrial matri
What is the structure of the chloroplast
Double membrane
Thykakoids
A membrane bound network of sac like structures inside the chlorplast that converts light energy to chemical energy.
Grana
Interconnected stacks of thylakoids
Stroma
Fluid-filled space surrounding grana. Contains enzyms that use the chemical energy to produce sugars
Endosymbiosis theory
Endosymbiosis theory explains how eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells by engulfing them and forming a symbiotic relationship.
Extracellular matrix
A mixture of secreted proteins and polysaccharides that support animal cells.
Differential centrifugation
Technique that allowed researchers to isolate cell components and analyze their chemical composition
Nuclear pore complex
Large complex of 30 proteins that form an opening in the nuclear envelope. Allows the fee diffusion of small molecules and ions
ribosomal RNAs
RNA molecule produced in the nucleus that forms part of the ribosome
Pulse-chase experiment
A type of experiment that involves using a labeled molecule to mark a population of cells or molecules at a particular moment then following their fate over time.
messenger RNAs
Carry information required to manufacture proteins.
ER signal sequence
Short amino acid sequence that marks a polypeptide for transport to endoplasmic reticulum.
Signal recognition particle
An RNA-protein complex that binds to the ER signal sequence in a polypeptide as it emerges from a ribosome and participates in transport of the ribosome
What is glycosylation
Addition of a carbohydrate group to a molecule
What is a glycoprotein
Any protein with one or more covalently bonded carbohydrates, typically oligosaccharides.
Exocytosis
Materials are exported in vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane and release contents outside cell
Endocytosis
Plasma membrane pinches in and brings in vesicles that bring materials outside the cell
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
sequence of events that begins when particles outside the cell bind to receptors on the plasma membrane
Early endosome
Where vesicles drop off their cargo
Phagocytosis
Second pathway that involves recycling material.
The plasma membrane surrounds a smaller cell and engulfs it, forming a structure called phagosome. Then it is delivered to a lysosome where the phagosome and lysosome membranes fuse and the contents of the phagosome are digested
Autophagy
A process by which damaged organelles and other cytoplasmic components are surrounded by a membrane and delivered to a lysosome to be recycled.
What are Actin Filaments
fibrous structures made of protein subunits called actin.
What are the three types of filaments that make up a cytoskeleton
Actin filaments, Intermediate filaments, microtubules
What is the structure of an actin filament
2 long strands that coil around each other and it forms when actin protein subunits polymerize.
What is the function of actin filaments
Provide structural support, involved in movement
Cytokinesis
Final stage in cell division when the cytoplasm is divided to form two cells
Cytoplasmic streaming
Directed flow of cytosol and organelles that is often seen within plant and fungal cells
Intermediate filament
One of the three type of cytoskeletal fibers
Long fiber composed of various proteins
Used to form networks that help maintain cell shape and hold the nucleus in place
Microtubles
largest diameter of the three cytoskeletal filaments
Assembled from subunits consisting of two closely related proteins, a tubulin and b-tubulin.
Microtubule organizing center
General term for any structure where new microtubules originate in cells
Centrosome
Microtubule-organizing center in animal cells that is near the nucleus
Microtubules functions
Provide stability, involved in movement, provide structural framework.
Centrioles
One of two small cylenderical structures contained in centresome.
Kinesin
Class of motor proteins that uses the chemical energy of ATP to walk towards the plus send off the microtubules.
Used to transport vesicles, particles and chromosomes.
Cilium
hairlike projection that is found in some eukaryotic cells
axoneme
characteristic of cilia and flagella.
Arrangement of microtubules, that consist of nine microtubule pairs, surrounding two central microtubules.
Dynein
A class of motor proteins that uses the chemical energy of ATP to walk towardsthe minus end of a microtubule
Responsible for bending of cilia and flagella, play a role in chromosome movement during mitosis, and can transport vesicles and organelles.
