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Biology > Chapter 7 Inside the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Inside the Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two fundamental types of cells

A

Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

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2
Q

What is morphology

A

Overall shape and appearance of an organism and its component parts

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3
Q

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell

A

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and prokaryotic cells do not

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4
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of a group of organisms

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5
Q

What 3 domains are organisms divided into

A

Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya

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6
Q

What domains are prokaryotic and eukaryotic

A

Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic and Eukarya are eukaryotic

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7
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A

A microscope that produces images by passing a focused beam of electrons through extremely thin sections of cells to visualize their internal structure

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8
Q

What are the similar components in prokaryotes structure and what’s different

A

All prokaryotes have at least one chromosome and many protein-synthesizing ribosomes are enclosed within a plasma membrane

What differs is the phospholipid components of archaeal and bacterial membranes, the structure of hydrocarbon chains and the types of linkages used to join hydrocarbon tails to glycerol heads and archaeal membrane is more stable in extreme environments

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9
Q

The difference between bacterial phospholipids and archaeal phospholipids

A

Bacterial phospholipids: Consist of fatty acids bound to glycerol

Archaeal phospholipids: Highly branched isoprenoid chains

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10
Q

Most prominent structure inside a prokaryotic cell and what does it have

A

Chromosome that consists of a large DNA molecule associated with proteins.

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10
Q

What is the nucleoid

A

The region of the cell where the circular chromosome is located

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10
Q

What are plasmids

A

Small, supercoiled DNA molecules that in prokaryotes

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11
Q

Why do circular chromosomes supercoil

A

To fit into the cell

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12
Q

What do ribosomes synthesize

A

Proteins by using genetic info by messenger RNA (referred to as macromolecular machines)

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13
Q

What is the cytoskeleton and what is it do

A

A network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm

It helps in cell shape support and transport of materials

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14
Q

Photosynthesis

A

chemical reactions that convert energy in sunlight into chemical energy, which is stored in sugars like glucose.

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15
Q

What are Organelles

A

specialized structures or enzymes inside a cell geared to do a specific function

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16
Q

What is a cell wall

A

Tough fibrous layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of bacterial and archaeal cells. Only in fungi, algae and plants

Protects the organism, gives it structural support.

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17
Q

Flagellum

A

A flagellum is a microscopic hair-like organelle used by cells and microorganisms for movement

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18
Q

Fimbria

A

Needlelike projection that extends from the plasma membrane and allows the bacteria to stick to a surface

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19
Q

Prokaryotic cell structure and functions

A

Fimbriae: Surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to other surfaces

Plasma membrane: Selective barrier allows passage of oxygen,
nutrients and waste

Cell wall: Rigid wall outside plasma
membrane, surrounds and supports cell

Nucleoid region: Contains DNA info that controls cell

Ribosomes: Where proteins synthesized

Flagellum: Structure that propels cell

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20
Q

What is included in the domain Eukarya

A

Protists, fungi, plants and animals

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21
Q

Why are eukaryotic cells different than prokaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic cells are much larger

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22
Q

Cytosol

A

The fluid portion between the plasma membrane and these organelles

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23
Q

2 advantages of compartalizing the large volume of eukaryotic cells

A

Incompatible chemical reactions can be separated.

Chemical reactions become more efficient.

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24
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

The structural framework of the cell. Tracks that transports materials from one place to another

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25
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double membraned organelle that creates ATP molecules

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26
Q

Nucleus

A

Enclosed by double membrane by nuclear envelope

Houses DNA that is wrapped around proteins

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27
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Ribosomes clamp onto strands of mRNA in here

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28
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Where protein processing occurs

Cell’s network of internal membrane

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29
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Part of EM system

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30
Q

Type types of ER

A

Rough: Covered with ribosomes and a network of branching sacs. Protein synthesis and processing

Smooth: Lacks ribosomes and is where lipids are produced

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31
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Proteins undergo further processing here and it also produces and modifies polysaccharides.

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32
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contains digestive enzymes and fuses with worn out mitochondrion to break it down. Breaks down many other cellular components as well with hydrolytic enzymes

33
Q

Central vacuole

A

Stores various compounds produced by the cell, regulates the composition of the cytoplasm

Only plants and fungi contain large vacuoles.

34
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Makes their own food by photosynthesis in chloroplasts.

34
Q

What is the cisterna

A

Compartments that makeup the Golgi Apparatus

35
Q

Lysosomes

A

Organelle in animal cells and some plant cells that contain enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions and can digest large molecules.

36
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contain enzymes for oxidizing fatty acids and other compounds.

37
Q

Glyoxysomes

A

Specialized peroxisomes only found in plant cells called glyoximes packed with enzymes that oxidize fatty acids to form a compound that can be used to store energy.

38
Q

What is the mitochondrial matrix

A

The solution in the inner membrane, that contains mitochondrion DNA, ribosomes and enzymes.

38
Q

Mitochondrion structure

A

Outer membrane is the surface and the inner membrane forms a series of cristae. The solution in the inner membrane is the mitochondrial matri

39
Q

What is the structure of the chloroplast

A

Double membrane

40
Q

Thykakoids

A

A membrane bound network of sac like structures inside the chlorplast that converts light energy to chemical energy.

41
Q

Grana

A

Interconnected stacks of thylakoids

42
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid-filled space surrounding grana. Contains enzyms that use the chemical energy to produce sugars

43
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

Endosymbiosis theory explains how eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells by engulfing them and forming a symbiotic relationship.

44
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

A mixture of secreted proteins and polysaccharides that support animal cells.

45
Q

Differential centrifugation

A

Technique that allowed researchers to isolate cell components and analyze their chemical composition

46
Q

Nuclear pore complex

A

Large complex of 30 proteins that form an opening in the nuclear envelope. Allows the fee diffusion of small molecules and ions

47
Q

ribosomal RNAs

A

RNA molecule produced in the nucleus that forms part of the ribosome

48
Q

Pulse-chase experiment

A

A type of experiment that involves using a labeled molecule to mark a population of cells or molecules at a particular moment then following their fate over time.

48
Q

messenger RNAs

A

Carry information required to manufacture proteins.

49
Q

ER signal sequence

A

Short amino acid sequence that marks a polypeptide for transport to endoplasmic reticulum.

50
Q

Signal recognition particle

A

An RNA-protein complex that binds to the ER signal sequence in a polypeptide as it emerges from a ribosome and participates in transport of the ribosome

51
Q

What is glycosylation

A

Addition of a carbohydrate group to a molecule

52
Q

What is a glycoprotein

A

Any protein with one or more covalently bonded carbohydrates, typically oligosaccharides.

53
Q

Exocytosis

A

Materials are exported in vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane and release contents outside cell

54
Q

Endocytosis

A

Plasma membrane pinches in and brings in vesicles that bring materials outside the cell

55
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

sequence of events that begins when particles outside the cell bind to receptors on the plasma membrane

56
Q

Early endosome

A

Where vesicles drop off their cargo

57
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Second pathway that involves recycling material.

The plasma membrane surrounds a smaller cell and engulfs it, forming a structure called phagosome. Then it is delivered to a lysosome where the phagosome and lysosome membranes fuse and the contents of the phagosome are digested

58
Q

Autophagy

A

A process by which damaged organelles and other cytoplasmic components are surrounded by a membrane and delivered to a lysosome to be recycled.

59
Q

What are Actin Filaments

A

fibrous structures made of protein subunits called actin.

60
Q

What are the three types of filaments that make up a cytoskeleton

A

Actin filaments, Intermediate filaments, microtubules

61
Q

What is the structure of an actin filament

A

2 long strands that coil around each other and it forms when actin protein subunits polymerize.

62
Q

What is the function of actin filaments

A

Provide structural support, involved in movement

63
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Final stage in cell division when the cytoplasm is divided to form two cells

64
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

Directed flow of cytosol and organelles that is often seen within plant and fungal cells

65
Q

Intermediate filament

A

One of the three type of cytoskeletal fibers
Long fiber composed of various proteins
Used to form networks that help maintain cell shape and hold the nucleus in place

66
Q
A
67
Q

Microtubles

A

largest diameter of the three cytoskeletal filaments
Assembled from subunits consisting of two closely related proteins, a tubulin and b-tubulin.

68
Q

Microtubule organizing center

A

General term for any structure where new microtubules originate in cells

68
Q

Centrosome

A

Microtubule-organizing center in animal cells that is near the nucleus

69
Q

Microtubules functions

A

Provide stability, involved in movement, provide structural framework.

70
Q

Centrioles

A

One of two small cylenderical structures contained in centresome.

71
Q
A
72
Q
A
73
Q

Kinesin

A

Class of motor proteins that uses the chemical energy of ATP to walk towards the plus send off the microtubules.
Used to transport vesicles, particles and chromosomes.

74
Q

Cilium

A

hairlike projection that is found in some eukaryotic cells

75
Q

axoneme

A

characteristic of cilia and flagella.
Arrangement of microtubules, that consist of nine microtubule pairs, surrounding two central microtubules.

76
Q

Dynein

A

A class of motor proteins that uses the chemical energy of ATP to walk towardsthe minus end of a microtubule

Responsible for bending of cilia and flagella, play a role in chromosome movement during mitosis, and can transport vesicles and organelles.

77
Q
A

Biology (40 decks)

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