Chapter 14 Flashcards
Chromosome theory of inheritance
chromosome theory of inheritance states that genes are found at specific locations on chromosomes, and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis can explain Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Genetics
Study of inheritance of traits, the nature of genes and how genes work
Heredity
transmission of traits from parents to offspring via genetic info
Model organism
Organism used for scientific study based on easy to work with features
Polymorphic trait
When a trait appeared more commonly in two or more different forms
Self fertilization
fusion of two gametes produced by the same individual to form offspring
cross fertilization
Mating between two individuals used for genetic analysis
phenotype
observable traits of individual
genotype
Combination of alleles found in an individual is the genotype
gene
hereditary factor that influences a particular trait
homozygous
Having two of the same allele
heterozygous
Having two different alleles
Dominant allele
Produces same phenotype in heterozygous and homozygous enzymes
Recessive allele
Produces its phenotype only in homozygous genotypes
Pure-line individuals
Identical in phenotype and when crossed, produce offspring that all have the same phenotype.
Hybrid
Offspring that crosses between homozygous parents with different genotypes
Reciprocal cross
Phenotypes of the male and female are reversed compared with a prior cross
Testcross
Can confirm independent assortment
Crossing heterozygote w homozygous recessive
EeGg x eegg
X-linkage
Gene located on the X chromosome or a trait associated with a gene on the X chromosome
Y-linkage
Gene located on the Y chromosome, or a trait associated with a gene on the Y chromosome
Parental generation
Adults used in first experimental cross
F1 generation
First generation of offspring produced from the parental generation
Particulate inheritance
The concept is that inheritance is based on genes that do not blend together in offspring but instead remain separate, or particle-like.
Alleles
Different versions of the same gene
monohybrid cross
genetic cross between two individuals that are both heterozygous for one particular trait
dihybrid cross
genetic cross between two individuals that are both heterozygous for 2 different traits
When does law of segregation happen in meiois
During anaphase 1
What is independent assortment?
The alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another.
What is law of segregation?
When an organism makes gametes, each gamete receives just one gene copy, which is selected randomly
