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Biology > Chapter 40 > Flashcards

Chapter 40 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Control of water and solutes within cells (homeostasis)

The process by which an organism regulates the water balance in its body and maintains the homeostasis of the body

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2
Q

What animals do not osmoregulate?

A

Marine invertabrates

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3
Q

Osmoconformers

A

Match the environment in terms of concentration of solutes equal and outside the cell

Ex. marine invertabrates

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4
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of substances from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration, along concentration gradients

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5
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water

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6
Q

Osmoconformers

A

Marine invertebrates would not osmoregulate because seawater is s fairly constant
osmotically & matches solute concentrations within these animals

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7
Q

Osmoregulators

A

Actively regulate osmolarity inside bodies to achieve homeostasis

Most marine vertebrates are osmoregulators because their tissues are hypotonic to salt water

They must drink large amount of water to replace loss of water which also brings more solutes

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8
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

Solution inside cells contains
fewer solutes than seawater- lose water by
osmosis & gain solutes by diffusion

Seawater is hyperosmotic

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9
Q

Osmotic stress of freshwater fish

A

Tissues of freshwater fish are hypertonic to water
– Solution in cells contains more solutes than outside
– Cells gain water through osmosis & lose solutes by diffusion

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

How do land animals lose water and replace it

A
  1. Evaporation
  2. Produce urine and sweat

Replace it by drinking, ingestion in food, metabolic pathways

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12
Q

Where does osmoregulation occur in land-dwelling vertebrates

A

Through the kidney (responsible for water and solute balance & excretion of nitrogenous waste)

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13
Q

Pathway of urine

A
  1. Formed in kidney
  2. Transported through ureter to bladder
  3. Urine transported out of body from bladder through urethra
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14
Q

Nephrons

A

basic unit of kidney function responsible for water & solute balance

located in outer region of kidney
(cortex); inner region is the medulla

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15
Q

Structure of the nephron

A
  1. Renal corpuscle
  2. Proximal tubule
  3. Loop of Henle
  4. Distal tubule
  5. Collecting duct
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16
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

filters blood, forming a “pre-urine”
consisting of ions, nutrients, wastes & water

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17
Q

Proximal tubule

A

epithelial cells reabsorb nutrients,
vitamins, valuable ions & water

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18
Q

Loop of Henle-

A

establishes strong osmotic gradient
in tissues outside the loop & osmolarity increases as loop descends

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19
Q

Distal tubule

A

ions & water are reabsorbed
(under control of hormones)

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20
Q

Collecting duct-

A

tube through which the final filtrate
(urine) leaves the nephron (altered by hormones)

21
Q

Renal Corpuscle anatomy

A

Glomerulus: : cluster of capillaries that bring blood to nephron from renal artery
Bowman’s capsule: region of nephron that
surrounds glomerulus

22
Q

Function of renal corpsucle

A

filtration device water & solutes forced
out of blood through pores
in glomerulus resulting in
formation of filtrate

23
Q

What occurs in proximal tubule

A

Active transport occurs of selected molecules out of filtrate valuable solutes & water are reabsorbed & returned to body.

24
Q

Three regions of Loop of Henle

A
  1. Descending limb
  2. Thin ascending limb
  3. Thick ascending limb
25
Q

Descending limb

A

highly permeable to water
(aquaporins) but impermeable to solutes

Water leaves descending limb to maintain osmotic pressure

26
Q

Ascending limb

A
  • Highly permeable to NA+ and Cl-
  • moderately permeable to urea
  • impermeable to water

Salt leaves ascending limb to maintain osmotic pressure

27
Q

Distal tube process

A

The filtrate contains mainly urea and other waste products when it gets to distal tube and it empties filtrate into collecting dust that leads to ureter

28
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

When dehydrated the brain released ADH

Triggers insertion of aquaporins in collecting duct more permeable to water & large amounts of water reabsorbed

29
Q

Types of nitrogenous wastes each terrestrial insects, freshwater fishes, and reptiles excrete

A

Terrestrial insects − uric acid
Freshwater fishes − ammonia
Reptiles − uric acid
Marine fishes - urea

30
Q

Why must marine bony fishes drink large amounts of seawater?

A

Marine bony fishes are osmoregulators living in a hyperosmotic environment.

They must compensate from excessive water loss due to hyperosmotic environment

31
Q

Characteristics of osmoregulating fish

A
  1. Osmoregulating marine fish need to expend energy to excrete NaCl due to drinking large amounts of seawater
  2. Osmoregulating marine fish need to drink large amounts of seawater.
  3. Osmoregulating marine fish do not need to make special proteins to protect their cells from high urea concentrations in their tissues.
32
Q

Characteristics of osmoconformers

A
  1. Do not lose water to their environment
  2. Do not absorb as much NaCl from drinking
  3. Must expend energy to make proteins that protect their cells from the toxic effects of maintaining high urea concentration in their tissues
33
Q

A mutation that results in the inability of a terrestrial insect to close the spiracles would likely be most disadvantageous in what environment?

A

Desert because insects would need to temporarily close spiracles to reduce water loss

34
Q

What is the function of the Loop of Henle in mammalian kidneys?

A

To create the kidney’s osmotic gradient that permits the reabsorption of water and various solutes

35
Q

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone, or ADH?

A

To signal the insertion of aquaporins in the collecting duct, promoting the reabsorption of water, resulting in concentrated urine

36
Q

Which type of nitrogenous waste would you expect to be produced by embryos inside eggs laid on land?

A

Uric acid

37
Q

Biologists have been able to produce mice that lack functioning genes for aquaporins. How would the urine of these mice compare with that of mice with normal aquaporins?

A

Without aquaporins in the collecting duct, water cannot be reabsorbed, which would result in increased urine volume and decreased urine osmolarity.

38
Q

In which environment are you most likely to find animals that employ uric acid as their primary form of nitrogenous waste?

A

Desert

39
Q

Why is uric acid advantageous for nitrogenous waste excretion in insects?

A

Due to its water insolubility, where its elimination does not involve much water loss

40
Q

The movement of substances from the blood into the proximal tubule is known as

A

Secretion

41
Q

How is glucose removed from filtrate in the Loop of Henle

A

Active transport

42
Q

What is the inner and outer part of the kidney

A

The inner part is the medulla, and the outer part is the cortex

43
Q

What is the driving force for the filtration of blood by the renal corpuscle?

A

Higher pressure in glomerular capillaries than in the surrounding Bowman’s capsule.

44
Q

Which regions of the nephron function independently of hormonal control for the most part?

A

Renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, and loop of Henle.

45
Q

Which waste is excreted by bony fishes, by mammals, and by insects?

A

Bony fishes - ammonia

Mammals - urea

Insects - uric acid

46
Q

Are bony fishes osmoregulators or osmoconformers

A

Osmoregulatory since they are marine invertebrates

47
Q

Biologists have been able to produce mice that lack functioning genes for aquaporins. How would the urine of these mice compare to that of mice with normal aquaporins?

A

Higher volume and lower osmolarity because the aquaporins would not absorb the water in the urine, leaving it highly diluted in large quantities, resulting in low osmolarity

48
Q

What protein is responsible for forming gradients that favor the reabsorption of ions, water, and nutrients in the proximal tubule?

A

Na+/K+-ATPase

Biology (40 decks)

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