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Biology > Chapter 39 > Flashcards

Chapter 39 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do Epithelial tissues contain

A

Have cells that actively undergo mitosis and cytokinesis to replace those lost on their apical surface

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2
Q

Endotherm

A

Produces adequate heat to warm itself

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3
Q

Ectotherm

A

Relies on heat gained from environment (external sources)

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4
Q

What are the function of neurons

A

Sends signals to specific cells or tissues

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5
Q

What animals of endotherms

A

Mammals and birds

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6
Q

Cost of endotherms

A

Constantly eat to maintain metabolism

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7
Q

Difference between endotherms and ectotherms

A

Endotherms have higher metabolic rates but more active at wider temperature ranges

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8
Q

What are epithelia tissues

A

a. Form covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities, and hollow organs, and are the
b. Major tissue in glands.

Functions include
A. secretion
b. absorption
c. excretion
d. filtration
e. diffusion
f. sensory reception.

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9
Q

Drawbacks of ectotherms

A

Vulnerable in extreme temperatures

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10
Q

Pros of ectotherms

A

Survive with lower food intake and can use more energy.

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11
Q

Why salmon need gills for respiration as they grow larger

A

Compensate for increasing size in fishes

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12
Q

What are adaptations that increase surface area?

A

Fish gills have flattened, sheetlike structures called lamellae
Folding - mammal small intestines has folds called villi
Branching - capillaries are highly branched

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13
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of relatively constant internal environment

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14
Q

Conformer

A

Conforming to the external environment

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15
Q

Regulator

A

Maintain constant internal state using physiological mechanisms

  • dog maintains body temp of 38 C whether its cold or hot outside
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16
Q

Sensor

A

Structure that senses some aspect of external and internal environment

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17
Q

Integrator

A

Component of nervous system

Evaluates incoming sensory information and decides if actions needed

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18
Q

Effector

A

Structure that helps restore desired internal condition

Triggers regulatory systems

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19
Q

What can overheating cause?

A

Causes proteins to denature, then protein denature leads to dehydration

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20
Q

What does denaturation and renaturation mean

A

Denaturation means loss of biological activity

Renaturation means regains activity

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21
Q

Homeotherms

A

Keep body temperature constant

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22
Q

Heterotherms

A

Can tolerate changes in body temperature

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23
Q

Endotherm

A

Animal that makes its own body temperature

24
Q

What is thermoregulation

A

How animals control body temperature through obtaining heat and hold body temp constant (through insulation)

25
Q

What are the 4 adult tissue types

A

Nervous
Connective
Epithelial
Muscle

26
Q

What taxonomic groups are endothermic

A

bird (aves) and mammals

27
Q

To move your arm, which tissue types would be directly required?

A

Skeletal muscle, dense connective tissue, supporting connective tissue

28
Q

Function of an epithelial cell

A

Controls the passage of materials in and out of the organism

29
Q

What are the functions of neurons

A

They provide signals to specific cells and tissues

30
Q

Why are small aquatic organisms usually temperature conformers?

A

They have a high ratio of surface area to volume and therefore readily lose heat.

31
Q

Do both echinoderms and vertebrates have endoskeletons

A

Yes since echinoderms have an calcium carbonate endoskeleton while vertebrates have a bony endoskeleton made of calcium phosphate

32
Q

Given a neuron’s structure, is a neuron more likely to provide signals to specific cells and tissues or to broadcast signals widely throughout the body?

A

Most neurons have a single axon, which transmits signals to specific cells and tissues rather than widely throughout the body.

33
Q

Do smaller or larger mammals need thicker fur living in winter habitats

A

Smaller due to losing heat more readily and requiring greater insulation to maintain body temperature due to higher relative surface area to volume ratios

34
Q

How is connective tissue arranged

A

loosely arranged in liquid, jellylike, or solid matrix

35
Q

Four types of connective tissue

A
  1. Loose connective tissue- contains array of fibrous
    proteins in soft matrix (adipose & fat tissue)

2, Dense connective tissue- found in tendons & ligaments
(connects muscles, bones & organs)

  1. Supporting connective tissue- has firm matrix (bone
    & cartilage)
  2. Fluid connective tissue- cells surrounded by liquid
    matrix (blood cells in plasma matrix
36
Q

Structure of Nerve cells (neurons)

A
  • Cell body (nucleus is located)
  • Short, branching dendrites, receive electrical signals from other cells to cell body
  • longer axons: carry signals from cell body to other cells
37
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Key innovation in evolution of animals (appears in no other lineage)

  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. Cardiac muscle
  3. Smooth muscle
38
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

tissues that cover outside of body and line surfaces of organs & form glands; variety of function

Typically form layers of closely packed cells

39
Q

Gland

A

group of cells that
secrete specific molecules
or solutions

40
Q

Organ

A

structure that
serves specialized function
& consists of several tissues

41
Q

Cell surface area

A

determines rate at which gases
& nutrients diffuse across membran

42
Q

Cell volume

A

determines rate of diffusion within cell

43
Q

What happens to the volume as the cell gets larger

A

Volume increases much faster
than surface area

44
Q

Metabolic rate

A

overall rate of energy consumption

45
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

rate at which animal consumes oxygen while at rest with an empty stomach, under normal conditions

46
Q

Do small or large animals have a higher BMR

A

Smaller animals have a higher BMR

47
Q

Three components of homeostatic system

A

Sensor
Integrator
Effector

48
Q

What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries?

A

smooth muscle

49
Q

What type of muscle is attached to bones

A

Skeletal

50
Q

Regulatory homeostasis

A

involves adjusting the internal conditions of an organism to stay within a narrow range without regard to the external conditions.

51
Q

What are functions of the epithelium tissue?

A
  • Creates an internal environment that is different from the external environment.
  • Regulates the excretion of waste

-Controls the exchange of nutrients between the internal and external environments

52
Q
A
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Biology (40 decks)

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