Chapter 39 Flashcards
What do Epithelial tissues contain
Have cells that actively undergo mitosis and cytokinesis to replace those lost on their apical surface
Endotherm
Produces adequate heat to warm itself
Ectotherm
Relies on heat gained from environment (external sources)
What are the function of neurons
Sends signals to specific cells or tissues
What animals of endotherms
Mammals and birds
Cost of endotherms
Constantly eat to maintain metabolism
Difference between endotherms and ectotherms
Endotherms have higher metabolic rates but more active at wider temperature ranges
What are epithelia tissues
a. Form covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities, and hollow organs, and are the
b. Major tissue in glands.
Functions include
A. secretion
b. absorption
c. excretion
d. filtration
e. diffusion
f. sensory reception.
Drawbacks of ectotherms
Vulnerable in extreme temperatures
Pros of ectotherms
Survive with lower food intake and can use more energy.
Why salmon need gills for respiration as they grow larger
Compensate for increasing size in fishes
What are adaptations that increase surface area?
Fish gills have flattened, sheetlike structures called lamellae
Folding - mammal small intestines has folds called villi
Branching - capillaries are highly branched
Homeostasis
Maintenance of relatively constant internal environment
Conformer
Conforming to the external environment
Regulator
Maintain constant internal state using physiological mechanisms
- dog maintains body temp of 38 C whether its cold or hot outside
Sensor
Structure that senses some aspect of external and internal environment
Integrator
Component of nervous system
Evaluates incoming sensory information and decides if actions needed
Effector
Structure that helps restore desired internal condition
Triggers regulatory systems
What can overheating cause?
Causes proteins to denature, then protein denature leads to dehydration
What does denaturation and renaturation mean
Denaturation means loss of biological activity
Renaturation means regains activity
Homeotherms
Keep body temperature constant
Heterotherms
Can tolerate changes in body temperature
Endotherm
Animal that makes its own body temperature
What is thermoregulation
How animals control body temperature through obtaining heat and hold body temp constant (through insulation)
What are the 4 adult tissue types
Nervous
Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
What taxonomic groups are endothermic
bird (aves) and mammals
To move your arm, which tissue types would be directly required?
Skeletal muscle, dense connective tissue, supporting connective tissue
Function of an epithelial cell
Controls the passage of materials in and out of the organism
What are the functions of neurons
They provide signals to specific cells and tissues
Why are small aquatic organisms usually temperature conformers?
They have a high ratio of surface area to volume and therefore readily lose heat.
Do both echinoderms and vertebrates have endoskeletons
Yes since echinoderms have an calcium carbonate endoskeleton while vertebrates have a bony endoskeleton made of calcium phosphate
Given a neuron’s structure, is a neuron more likely to provide signals to specific cells and tissues or to broadcast signals widely throughout the body?
Most neurons have a single axon, which transmits signals to specific cells and tissues rather than widely throughout the body.
Do smaller or larger mammals need thicker fur living in winter habitats
Smaller due to losing heat more readily and requiring greater insulation to maintain body temperature due to higher relative surface area to volume ratios
How is connective tissue arranged
loosely arranged in liquid, jellylike, or solid matrix
Four types of connective tissue
- Loose connective tissue- contains array of fibrous
proteins in soft matrix (adipose & fat tissue)
2, Dense connective tissue- found in tendons & ligaments
(connects muscles, bones & organs)
- Supporting connective tissue- has firm matrix (bone
& cartilage) - Fluid connective tissue- cells surrounded by liquid
matrix (blood cells in plasma matrix
Structure of Nerve cells (neurons)
- Cell body (nucleus is located)
- Short, branching dendrites, receive electrical signals from other cells to cell body
- longer axons: carry signals from cell body to other cells
Muscle tissue
Key innovation in evolution of animals (appears in no other lineage)
- Skeletal muscle
- Cardiac muscle
- Smooth muscle
Epithelial Tissue
tissues that cover outside of body and line surfaces of organs & form glands; variety of function
Typically form layers of closely packed cells
Gland
group of cells that
secrete specific molecules
or solutions
Organ
structure that
serves specialized function
& consists of several tissues
Cell surface area
determines rate at which gases
& nutrients diffuse across membran
Cell volume
determines rate of diffusion within cell
What happens to the volume as the cell gets larger
Volume increases much faster
than surface area
Metabolic rate
overall rate of energy consumption
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
rate at which animal consumes oxygen while at rest with an empty stomach, under normal conditions
Do small or large animals have a higher BMR
Smaller animals have a higher BMR
Three components of homeostatic system
Sensor
Integrator
Effector
What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries?
smooth muscle
What type of muscle is attached to bones
Skeletal
Regulatory homeostasis
involves adjusting the internal conditions of an organism to stay within a narrow range without regard to the external conditions.
What are functions of the epithelium tissue?
- Creates an internal environment that is different from the external environment.
- Regulates the excretion of waste
-Controls the exchange of nutrients between the internal and external environments
