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Biology > Chapter 31 > Flashcards

Chapter 31 Flashcards

Protostome animals

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1
Q

What are the two branches of protostomes?

A

Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa

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2
Q

What are the importance of protostomes

A
  1. Major source of food for humans
  2. Pollination, soil preparation
  3. Include insects that damage and protect crops
  4. Provide valuable materials (silk, pearls)
  5. Common parasites (transmit human diseases)
  6. Include vital model organisms like fruit fly and Roundworm
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3
Q

What are the general characteristics of all protostomes?

A
  1. Bilaterally symmetric
  2. Tripoblastic
  3. Gastrula pore becomes mouth
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3
Q

What are the phyla included in Lophotrochozoa

A
  1. Rotifera
  2. Platyhelminthes
  3. Aneelida
  4. Mollusca
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4
Q

What are the phyla included in Ecdysozoa?

A
  1. Nematoda
  2. Tardigrada
  3. Onychophora
  4. Arthopoda
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5
Q

What are the three general characteristics of all lophotrochozoans

A
  1. Lophophore: structure used in suspension feeding
  2. Trochophore: Larvae with a ring of cilia used in locomotion and feeding
  3. Display spiral cleavage in embryo development
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6
Q

What is the defining characteristic in Rotifera

A

The presence of corona (cluster of cilia at their tail end) used for suspension feeding

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7
Q

Where do most rotifera live

A

Live in damp soils, marine and freshwater environments (Important component of plankton)

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8
Q

How can Rotiferas reproduce?

A

Usually through sexual reproduction

Can reproduce asexually through parthenogenesis

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9
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

When the unfertilized eggs via mitosis hatch into asexually produced offspring.

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10
Q

Characteristics of Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

A
  1. Can be free living or parasites
  2. Broad, flattened body; unsegmented
  3. Lack coelom, gas exchange structures and blood vessels
  4. Lack lophophore and digestive tract with only one opening for ingestion of food and elimination of wastes
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11
Q

Significance of the platyhelminthes (flatworms) flat body

A

Adaptation that provides large surface area for gas exchange

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12
Q

Characteristics of Annelida (Segmented Worms)

A
  1. Segmented body and a coelom
  2. Numerous bristle-like extensions called chaetae that extend from appendages called parapodia
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13
Q

What are endoparasites

A

Parasites that live in the tissues and organs of their hosts

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14
Q

What is a Mollusca (mollusk) and what are its characteristics

A

Phyla of Lophotrochozoans

  1. Foot: large muscle at the animal base used for movement
  2. Visceral mass: Most internal organs and external gill
  3. Mantle: Body wall that forms enclosure: where many species secretes calcium carbonate shells
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15
Q

What are Bivalves?

A

Species like clams, oysters, scallops, mussels that is part of the phylum Mollusca

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16
Q

What is the main characteristic of bivalves

A

A. Have a shell with two parts (valves)
1. Made of calcium carbonate
2. Hinged and closes using muscles attached to the valves
3. Protect animal from predation
B. Suspension feeders
C. Only mollusks without a radula

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17
Q

What are gastropods?

A

Species part of the Mollusca phyla that contain 70,000 marine snails, slugs, nudibranchs

Only mollusk group that transitioned from water to land

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18
Q

What are Chitons and its main characteristics?

A

Part of phyla Mollusca

  1. Have eight calcium carbonate plates along dorsal side that form protective shell
  2. Marine
  3. Use radula to scrape algae off rocks and move by gliding on the broad, muscular foot.
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19
Q

What are Cephalopods and its characteristics ?

A

Part of phyla Molluscs, ex octopuses and squids

  1. Have well-developed head
  2. Have foot modified to form long, muscular tentacles
  3. Except for nautilus, have highly reduced shells
  4. Most have large brains & sophisticated eyes
  5. Separate sexes
  6. Sexual reproduction and internal (male transfers spermatophore packet to female)
  7. Eggs develops directly into adults
  8. Contains Chromatophore
    cells in skin that can rapidly change color for camouflage & communication
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20
Q

What is an Ecdysozoan and defining characteristics?

A
  1. Grow intermittently by molding
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21
Q

What is molting?

A

How ecdysozoans grow by shedding of soft cuticle or hard exoskeleton

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22
Q

How do lophotrochozoans grow?

A

They grow incrementally

23
Q

What are Nematodes (roundworms)

A

Part of Ecdysozoans phyla

Unsegmented worms with a thick, elastic cuticle that must be molted during growth.

24
Q

What are the characteristics of Nematoda?

A
  1. Free-living
  2. Abundant in every habitat
  3. Lack specialized systems for gas exchange and circulation
  4. Some are significant human parasites
25
Q

What are Arthopoda?

A

Phyla apart of Ecdysozoa

  1. First appeared in 520mya
  2. At least 1 million living species
26
Q

What are the characteristics of Arthopoda?

A
  1. Segmented body organized into three tagmata
  2. Exoskeleton made with chitin (strengthened by CaCO3 in crustaceans)
  3. Jointed appendages
27
Q

What are myriapods?

A

Part of Arthopoda phyla

  1. Have head and long trunk with segments
  2. 16,000 species in terrestrial environments all over the world
28
Q

Millipedes

A

Myriapods part of Arthopoda and are detritivores

29
Q

Centipedes

A

Myriapods part of Arthopoda, predators that use poison

30
Q

Insects

A

Part of phyla Arthopoda: abundant in terrestrial environments

3 tagmata
1. Head (containing pair of antenna)
2. Thorax (contains pairs of walking legs or wings)
3. Abdomen

31
Q

How do insects reproduce?

A

Usually sexual

  1. Takes place through direct copulation
  2. Most undergo metamorphosis
32
Q

What is direct copulation?

A

Where male inserts sperm-transfer organ into female

33
Q

What is metamorphosis?

A

abrupt change in the form or the structure of an organism during post-embryonic development

34
Q

What is Holometabolous metamorphosis?

A

Distinct larval stage

Characteristic of beetles, butterfies, moths, flies and wasps.

Life cycle is egg, larva, pupa, and adult.

35
Q

Incomplete metamorphosis (hemimetabolous metamorphosis)

A

Same as complete metamorphosis but the organisms look smaller

36
Q

What kind of cleavage do most Ecdysozoa have?

A

Radial cleavage

37
Q

What kind of cleavage do most Lophotrocozoa have

A

Spiral cleavage

38
Q

What groups of Ecdysozoa have segmented joints?

A

Tardigrada, Onychophora and Arthopoda

39
Q

Why do crustaceans have a carapace?

A

Helps them protect cephalothorax

40
Q

What are the three major components of mollusks

A
  1. Mantle
  2. Visceral mass
  3. Foot
41
Q

What is one of the greatest evolutionary benefits of the body plan of flatworms?

A

Thin flat bodies allow for efficient exchange of gases and nutrients form the environment.

42
Q

What are the groups of Arthropoda

A

Myriapods
Crustaceans
Chelicerates

43
Q

What are Crustaceans and where do they live

A

Group of arthopoda: shrimp, lobsters, crabs, baracles, isopods, copepods

Live primarily in marine and freshwater environments

44
Q

What are the structures of Crustaceans

A
  1. Segmented body with 3 tagmata
  2. Carapace
  3. 2 pair of antenna, compound eyes usually on stalks, branched appendages
45
Q

What is a carapace

A

Plate-like section of exoskeleton that covers/protects head/thorax

Many crustaceans have this

46
Q

What are chelicerates

A

Group of arthropoda: terrestrial creatures like sea spiders, mites, ticks, spiders scorpians

47
Q

What is the structure of chelicerates

A
  1. Have 2 tagmata (cephlothorax and abdomen)
  2. Have 4 pairs of legs
  3. 1 pair of chelicerae (used for feeding, defense, movement)
  4. Pedipalps (diverse functions)
48
Q

How spiders digest

A

Digestive enzymes into pray, begins externally and drinks the liquid

49
Q

Mites and ticks

A

Chelicerate ectoparasites

50
Q

Horseshoe crabs

A

Chelicerate omnivores

51
Q

What is the definition of bilaterally symmetrical and what phylums are included.

A

defined as body symmetry where the body can be divided into two identical halves in only one plane.

Ex. Annelida, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, Nematode, Chordata, echinodermata

52
Q

Definition of radial symmetry and what phyla are radially symmetric

A

Type of symmetry in which an organism can be divided into similar halves and have multiple lines of symmetry, ex. starfish

Phyla: Cnidaria, Cternophora, and conifers

53
Q

What is a lophophore

A

A specialized filter-feeding structure

54
Q

Are all deuterostomes radial symmetric?

A

No only adult echinoderms are radially symmetric

55
Q

Are protostomes mostly vertebrates or invertebrates?

A

Mostly invertebrates while deuterostomes include both vertebrates and invertebrates

Biology (40 decks)

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