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Biology > Chapter 34 > Flashcards

Chapter 34 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why the plant body is dynamic

A

Indeterminate growth

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2
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

plant growth in which the main stem continues to elongate indefinitely without being limited by a terminal inflorescence or other reproductive structure.

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3
Q

Functions of plant

A

Gains inorganic resources like sunlight, CO2, H20 \

Use photosynthesis to make organic molecules

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4
Q

Root system functions

A

Anchor plant to soil

Take up ions and water from soil

Conduct water and ions to shoot system

Obtain energy from sugar in the shoots

Store molecules produced by shoots

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5
Q

Where does a majority of photosynthesis occur in plants

A

Leaves due to a large surface area available for absorbing photons

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6
Q

Bulbs

A

Onion bulb store nutrients

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7
Q

Floral mimics

A

Modified to have different colors and attract pollinators

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8
Q

Succulent leaves

A

Succulent leaves store water

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9
Q

Traps

A

Modified leaf that traps insects for food

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10
Q

Tendrils

A

Allow vines to climb

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11
Q

Three tissue systems found in plants

A

Dermal tissue system
Ground tissue system
Vascular tissue system

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11
Q

What are features plant cells have not found in animals

A
  1. Surrounded by cellulose-rich primary cell wall and a rigid secondary cell wall
  2. Plant cells are interconnected by plasmodesmata
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12
Q

Dermal Tissue System

A

Consists of dermal tissue (skin tissue) also called epidermis (outermost layer of cells of any multicellular organism)

  1. Epidermal cells secrete cuticle
  2. Stomata
  3. Trichomes
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13
Q

Cuticle

A

Hydrophobic, waxy layer that covers shoots, protecting leaves and reducing water loss

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14
Q

Stomata

A

Part of dermal tissue system

regulate exchange of gases
– Open when plenty of water, allows CO2 to enter
– Close when H2O scarce, preventing excess water losss

Surrounded by two specialized guard cells, change shape to open or close the pore

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15
Q

Trichomes

A

Part of Dermal Tissue system

Hair-like appendages

  1. Keep plant cool and protect against damaging sunlight
  2. Minimize water loss
  3. Regulate gas exchange in shoots
  4. Provide barbs or toxins to protect from herbivores
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16
Q

Ground tissue system and types

A

Most photosynthesis and carbohydrate storage take place in ground tissue

Cells in ground tissue are responsible for most of the synthesis and storage of specialized products required for defense

Three cell types:
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

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17
Q

Parenchyma

A

Type of cell in the ground tissue system

  1. Most abundant and versatile plant cells
  2. Primary site of photosynthesis in leaves

3.Mainly store starch in roots

These cells are totipotent

Alive at maturity and have functioning nuclei

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18
Q

Totipotent

A

Continue to divide and develop into a mature cell

Helps in repair of wounds and reproduction
New plants can grow from cuttings

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19
Q

Collenchyma

A

Type of totipotent cell in the ground tissue system

Have primary cell walls that continue to expand and provide flexible support to growing regions of shoots

Support growth: Found in elongating stems and leaf petioles, just underneath the epidermis

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20
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

Type of cell in the ground tissue system

  1. Produce two cell walls (1 thin and 1 thick cell wall that consists of rigid lignin and cellulose)
  2. Dead at maturity and contain no cytoplasm
  3. Fibers and sclereids are two ways they are organized
21
Q

Xylem

A

Part of vascular tissue system

Conducts water and dissolved nutrients in one direction from the root system to the shoot system

Composed of tracheids and vessel elements

22
Q

Phloem

A

Part of vascular tissue system

Plant vascular tissue used to transport sugar in both directions throughout plant

Made up of two types of specialized cells called sieve-tube elements and companion cells

23
Q

Tracheids

A

Major component of xylem tissue and responsible for movement of water

Long, tapered and have pits

24
Q

Meristems

A

region of cells capable of division and growth in plants

Allows plants to grow throughout their lives

25
Q

Apical meristems

A

Group of undifferentiated plant cells

Found at the tip of each root and shoot; responsible for primary growth

26
Q

Root cap

A

Actively pushed through the soil

  1. Group of cells that protects apical meristem
  2. Senses gravity to determine growth direction
  3. secretes lubricant
27
Q

Zone of cellular elongation

A

In the middle of the zone of cellular division and maturation

contains cells that do not divide and instead elongate rapidly, about 10 times faster than meristem cells

Most responsible for the growth of roots through the soil

28
Q

Zone of cellular maturation

A

Differentiate into tissues; absorb water and nutrients through root hairs

Lateral roots grow here

29
Q

Secondary growth

A

Increases width of roots and shoots,

results from cell divisions in the vascular and cork cambia.

Major function is increasing amount of conducting tissue available and providing increased structural support

Produces wood and occurs in species that have cambium in addition to apical meristems

Occurs in some but not all plants

30
Q

Cambium

A

a thin cell layer between the xylem and phloem of most vascular plants from which new cells (as of wood and bark) develop.

31
Q

What is a function common to both roots and shoots

A

Harvesting resources from the environment

32
Q

Phenotypic plasticity in roots and shoots

A

Ability to modify form depending on environmental conditions

33
Q

Simple leaf

A

Leaf consisting of single blade

Composed of two structures called the blade and stalk of petiole

34
Q

Compound leaves

A

Leaf consisting of two or more blades and have them divided into a series of leaflets

35
Q

Double compound leaves

A

Have leaflets that are divided

36
Q

Needlelike leaves

A

Adapt to very cold or hot climates

37
Q

Vascular Tissue System

A

Tissues that transport water, nutrients, and sugars

Moves products of photosynthesis that are made and stored in ground tissue

Consist of two complex tissues: xylem and phloem

38
Q

Vessel elements

A

An elongated, water-conducting cell in xylem that are short and wide and has pits and perforations

Dead at maturity and contain no cytoplasm

39
Q

What does bark do for the tree

A

Replaces epidermis as protective covering

40
Q

Primary growth

A

Increase in the length of stems and roots due to the activity of apical meristems

Major function is to increase a plant’s ability to absorb light and acquire carbon dioxide, water and nutrients

41
Q

Primary meristems

A

Three types of partially differentiated cells produced by apical meristems

function in helping the plant increase in length or vertical growth

42
Q

Protoderm

A

functions like the skin of the plant and forms the outer layer, protecting the plant from the environment.

43
Q

root hairs

A

Outgrowths that increase surface area of the dermal tissue

absorb nutrients and water which are sent through the tip of the plant’s root.

43
Q

Zone of cellular division

A

Group of apical meristematic cells just behind the root cap where cells are actively dividing

43
Q

Procambium

A

Primary meristem tissue that gives rise to the vascular tissue

Primary Tissue
Ground tissue system

Xylem and Phloem

43
Q

Three distinct populations of cells that exist behind the root cap

A

Zone of cellular division
Zone of cellular elongation
Zone of cellular maturation

43
Q

Vascular bundles

A

Cluster of xylem and phloem strands that run the length of the stem

This is how the primary shoot system is organized

44
Q

Two types of cambia in plants that undergo secondary growth

A

Vascular cambium
Secondary cambium

44
Q

Cork cambium

A

Type of cylindrical meristem that produces cork with lenticels (main tissue associated with tree bark)

45
Q

Secondary xylem (wood)

A

produced as a result of secondary growth from vascular cambium

Much more complex tissue than primary xylem and consists of a number of different cell types

46
Q

Secondary phloem

A

produced as a result of secondary growth from vascular cambium

Type of phloem that forms from the vascular cambium during the secondary growth

Biology (40 decks)

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