Chapter 30.3 and 30.4 Flashcards
Themes of diversification within animal phyla and Non-bilaterian animals
What are bilaterian animals?
Two categories of animals called protostomes and deuterostomes that differ from each other in embryo development
What is blasty?
Numbers of germ layers
What are the four ecological roles
Detritivores
Carnivores
Herbivores
Omnivores
What are Detritivores?
Organisms that feed on dead organic matter
What are Carnivores?
Organisms that feed on animals
What are Herbivores?
Organisms that feed on plants and algae
What are Omnivores?
Organisms that can feed on combinations of plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, bacteria
What are the types of feeding strategies
Suspension feeders
Fluid feeders
Deposit feeders
Mass feeders
How do suspension feeders obtain food
Capture food by filtering out particles floating in water or drifting through the air
How do fluid feeders obtain food
Suck or mop up liquids like nectar, plant sap, blood (ex. butterflies)
How do deposit feeders obtain food
Ingest organic material that has been deposited within a substrate or on its surface
How do mass feeders obtain food
Take chunks of food into their mouth (ex. lions)
Types of reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction (external fertilization)
Internal fertilization
Types of limbs
Lope-like limbs
Parapodia
Jointed limbs
Tube feet
Modes of embryonic development after internal fertilization
Viviparous species
Oviparous species
Ovoviviparous species
What are viviparous species method of embryonic development
Nourish the embryos internally and give birth to live young
Ex. most mammals
What are Oviparous species method of embryonic development
Deposit fertilized eggs; nourished by yolk
Ex. Most insects, birds
What are Ovoviviparous species method of embryonic development
Retain eggs internally, nourish embryos by yolk and give birth to live young
Ex. guppies, garter snakes
What are the three phylum of non-bilaterian animals?
- Porifera
- Ctenophora
- Cnidaria
What are the characteristics of ponifera
- Most are marine animals
- Benthic (live at aquatic floor)
- Adults are immobile and larvae swim using cilia
- Reproduce asexually and most species produce both eggs and sperm, but rarely fertilize
How do ponifera reproduce
Reproduce asexually with most species producing both eggs and sperm, rarely self-fertilizing
How are ponifera beneficial to humans?
Commercial and medical value
ex. dried sponges used in bathing and washing and sponge toxins being studied for use in cancer chemotherapy
Characterizations of Ctenophora
- Only 190 marine species
- Transparent and gelatinous
How do ctenophora trap prey
With adhesive tentacles
How do ctenophora move
Beating comb-like plates of cilia
How do ctenophora reproduce
Self-fertilization
What is diploblastic composed of
Endoderm and ectoderm
Cnidaria (Jellyfish, corals, anemones, hydroids)
Phylum of non-bilaterian animals
11,500 species that are marine
What are the characteristics of Cnidaria
Radially symmetric diploblasts with ectoderm and endoderm layers that sandwich a gelatinous layer
Have gastrovascular cavity
What does the life cycle of cnidarians include
Polyp reproduces asexually
Free-floating medusa that reproduces sexually
Characteristics of protostomes
Mouth develops first, before anus
Mesoderm hollow out to form coelom
Phylums: Arthopods, mollusks, segmented worms
What are the characteristics of Deuterostomes
Anus develops first, before the mouth
Pockets of mesoderm pinch off to form coelom
Phylums: Chordates and echinoderms
What does triploblastic mean
a condition of the gastrula in which there are three primary germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
Outer: Ectoderm
Middle: Mesoderm
Inner: Endoderm
What is the blastula
Is a hollow sphere of cells following the cleavage stage
Stages of embryogenesis
Fertilization
Cleavage stage
Blastula stage
Gastrulation
What happens in the cleavage stage
Stage of embryogenesis after fertilization where the zygote goes through mitotic divisions and divides into blastomeres at which point they form the blastula
What is the blastula?
hollow sphere of shells formed at the end of cleavage stage
spherical layer of cells (the blastoderm) surrounding a fluid-filled or yolk-filled cavity (the blastocoel)
What happens in Blastulation
In blastulation, the blastula divides itself into the blastoderm and blastocoel
This is called the blastocyst
Gastrulation
Series of cell rearrangements in which the 3 germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm form
Development of embryo in protostomes
blastopore (the first opening formed during embryonic development) becomes the mouth
What is the blastopore
The first opening formed during embryonic development where gastrula (embryonic stage in embryogenesis) communicates with the exterior
Development of embryo in deuterostomes
blastopore (the first opening formed during embryonic development) becomes the anus
Why was the evolution of a coelom a critically important innovation for animals?
Acts as hydrostatic skeleton
Why was the evolution of a coelom a critically important innovation for animals?
Enables the internal organs to move independently of the outer tubes, or exterior of the animal
What is the coelom
Main body cavity in many animals that acts as protective cushioning for internal organs
Species that retain fertilized eggs internally, nourish the embryo with a yolk, and give birth to live young are said to be _______.
viviparous, with yolk as source of nutrition
What animal groups are multicellular
Animalia and fungi
Which of the following is evidence that supports the hypothesis that sponges are the sister group to all other animals?
Sponges share many characteristics with choanoflagellates.
Why was the evolution of a coelom a critically important innovation for animals?
The coelom can act as a hydrostatic skeleton.
What distinguishes animals from choanoflagellates
Animals are multicellular and choanoflagellates are not
What phylum has corona?
Rotifers
What phylum has jointed appendages
Arthopoda
What phyla have segmented limbs
Tardigrada, Onychophora, and Arthropoda.
Can exoskeletons expand?
No
The exoskeleton cannot expand. Periodically, the ecdysozoans must molt their exoskeleton, pump up their bodies to expand their size, and form new, larger exoskeletons.
Function of endoderm
gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract or gut.
Function of mesoderm
gives rise to muscles and most other organs between the digestive tract (or gut) and the outer covering of the animal.
Ectoderm
gives rise to the outer covering of the animal.
What are animals, like flatworms lacking an internal body cavity called?
Acoelomate
What are animals like roundworms that have an internal body cavity formed from both mesoderm and endoderm tissues called?
Pseudocoelmate
What are mammals and fishes, who have a internal body cavity formed from mesoderm-derived tissues called?
Coelomate
What are the similar characteristics between true coelom and pseudocoelom
- allows internal organs to move independently of each other and the outer body wall
- helps prevent internal injury by cushioning organs
- allows pressurized fluid to act like a skeleton in some invertebrates
Characteristics of protostomes
- Spiral Cleavage
- Solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom or blocks hollow out to form it
- mouth develops from blastopore
- Triploblastic
Characteristics of deuterostomes
- Radial cleavage
- Tripoblastic
- anus develops from blastopore
- Folds of archenteron form coelom or pockets of mesoderm break off to form it
