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Biology > Chapter 30.3 and 30.4 > Flashcards

Chapter 30.3 and 30.4 Flashcards

Themes of diversification within animal phyla and Non-bilaterian animals

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1
Q

What are bilaterian animals?

A

Two categories of animals called protostomes and deuterostomes that differ from each other in embryo development

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2
Q

What is blasty?

A

Numbers of germ layers

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3
Q

What are the four ecological roles

A

Detritivores
Carnivores
Herbivores
Omnivores

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4
Q

What are Detritivores?

A

Organisms that feed on dead organic matter

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5
Q

What are Carnivores?

A

Organisms that feed on animals

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6
Q

What are Herbivores?

A

Organisms that feed on plants and algae

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6
Q

What are Omnivores?

A

Organisms that can feed on combinations of plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, bacteria

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7
Q

What are the types of feeding strategies

A

Suspension feeders
Fluid feeders
Deposit feeders
Mass feeders

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8
Q

How do suspension feeders obtain food

A

Capture food by filtering out particles floating in water or drifting through the air

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9
Q

How do fluid feeders obtain food

A

Suck or mop up liquids like nectar, plant sap, blood (ex. butterflies)

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10
Q

How do deposit feeders obtain food

A

Ingest organic material that has been deposited within a substrate or on its surface

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11
Q

How do mass feeders obtain food

A

Take chunks of food into their mouth (ex. lions)

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11
Q

Types of reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction (external fertilization)
Internal fertilization

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12
Q

Types of limbs

A

Lope-like limbs
Parapodia
Jointed limbs
Tube feet

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13
Q

Modes of embryonic development after internal fertilization

A

Viviparous species
Oviparous species
Ovoviviparous species

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14
Q

What are viviparous species method of embryonic development

A

Nourish the embryos internally and give birth to live young

Ex. most mammals

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15
Q

What are Oviparous species method of embryonic development

A

Deposit fertilized eggs; nourished by yolk

Ex. Most insects, birds

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16
Q

What are Ovoviviparous species method of embryonic development

A

Retain eggs internally, nourish embryos by yolk and give birth to live young

Ex. guppies, garter snakes

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17
Q

What are the three phylum of non-bilaterian animals?

A
  1. Porifera
  2. Ctenophora
  3. Cnidaria
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18
Q

What are the characteristics of ponifera

A
  1. Most are marine animals
  2. Benthic (live at aquatic floor)
  3. Adults are immobile and larvae swim using cilia
  4. Reproduce asexually and most species produce both eggs and sperm, but rarely fertilize
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19
Q

How do ponifera reproduce

A

Reproduce asexually with most species producing both eggs and sperm, rarely self-fertilizing

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20
Q

How are ponifera beneficial to humans?

A

Commercial and medical value

ex. dried sponges used in bathing and washing and sponge toxins being studied for use in cancer chemotherapy

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20
Q

Characterizations of Ctenophora

A
  1. Only 190 marine species
  2. Transparent and gelatinous
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21
Q

How do ctenophora trap prey

A

With adhesive tentacles

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22
Q

How do ctenophora move

A

Beating comb-like plates of cilia

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23
Q

How do ctenophora reproduce

A

Self-fertilization

24
Q

What is diploblastic composed of

A

Endoderm and ectoderm

25
Q

Cnidaria (Jellyfish, corals, anemones, hydroids)

A

Phylum of non-bilaterian animals

11,500 species that are marine

26
Q

What are the characteristics of Cnidaria

A

Radially symmetric diploblasts with ectoderm and endoderm layers that sandwich a gelatinous layer

Have gastrovascular cavity

27
Q

What does the life cycle of cnidarians include

A

Polyp reproduces asexually

Free-floating medusa that reproduces sexually

28
Q

Characteristics of protostomes

A

Mouth develops first, before anus

Mesoderm hollow out to form coelom

Phylums: Arthopods, mollusks, segmented worms

29
Q

What are the characteristics of Deuterostomes

A

Anus develops first, before the mouth

Pockets of mesoderm pinch off to form coelom

Phylums: Chordates and echinoderms

30
Q

What does triploblastic mean

A

a condition of the gastrula in which there are three primary germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

Outer: Ectoderm
Middle: Mesoderm
Inner: Endoderm

31
Q

What is the blastula

A

Is a hollow sphere of cells following the cleavage stage

32
Q

Stages of embryogenesis

A

Fertilization
Cleavage stage
Blastula stage
Gastrulation

33
Q

What happens in the cleavage stage

A

Stage of embryogenesis after fertilization where the zygote goes through mitotic divisions and divides into blastomeres at which point they form the blastula

34
Q

What is the blastula?

A

hollow sphere of shells formed at the end of cleavage stage

spherical layer of cells (the blastoderm) surrounding a fluid-filled or yolk-filled cavity (the blastocoel)

35
Q

What happens in Blastulation

A

In blastulation, the blastula divides itself into the blastoderm and blastocoel

This is called the blastocyst

36
Q

Gastrulation

A

Series of cell rearrangements in which the 3 germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm form

37
Q

Development of embryo in protostomes

A

blastopore (the first opening formed during embryonic development) becomes the mouth

38
Q

What is the blastopore

A

The first opening formed during embryonic development where gastrula (embryonic stage in embryogenesis) communicates with the exterior

39
Q

Development of embryo in deuterostomes

A

blastopore (the first opening formed during embryonic development) becomes the anus

40
Q

Why was the evolution of a coelom a critically important innovation for animals?

A

Acts as hydrostatic skeleton

41
Q

Why was the evolution of a coelom a critically important innovation for animals?

A

Enables the internal organs to move independently of the outer tubes, or exterior of the animal

42
Q

What is the coelom

A

Main body cavity in many animals that acts as protective cushioning for internal organs

43
Q

Species that retain fertilized eggs internally, nourish the embryo with a yolk, and give birth to live young are said to be _______.

A

viviparous, with yolk as source of nutrition

44
Q

What animal groups are multicellular

A

Animalia and fungi

45
Q

Which of the following is evidence that supports the hypothesis that sponges are the sister group to all other animals?

A

Sponges share many characteristics with choanoflagellates.

46
Q

Why was the evolution of a coelom a critically important innovation for animals?

A

The coelom can act as a hydrostatic skeleton.

47
Q

What distinguishes animals from choanoflagellates

A

Animals are multicellular and choanoflagellates are not

48
Q

What phylum has corona?

A

Rotifers

49
Q

What phylum has jointed appendages

A

Arthopoda

50
Q

What phyla have segmented limbs

A

Tardigrada, Onychophora, and Arthropoda.

51
Q

Can exoskeletons expand?

A

No

The exoskeleton cannot expand. Periodically, the ecdysozoans must molt their exoskeleton, pump up their bodies to expand their size, and form new, larger exoskeletons.

52
Q

Function of endoderm

A

gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract or gut.

53
Q

Function of mesoderm

A

gives rise to muscles and most other organs between the digestive tract (or gut) and the outer covering of the animal.

54
Q

Ectoderm

A

gives rise to the outer covering of the animal.

55
Q

What are animals, like flatworms lacking an internal body cavity called?

A

Acoelomate

56
Q

What are animals like roundworms that have an internal body cavity formed from both mesoderm and endoderm tissues called?

A

Pseudocoelmate

57
Q

What are mammals and fishes, who have a internal body cavity formed from mesoderm-derived tissues called?

A

Coelomate

58
Q

What are the similar characteristics between true coelom and pseudocoelom

A
  • allows internal organs to move independently of each other and the outer body wall
  • helps prevent internal injury by cushioning organs
  • allows pressurized fluid to act like a skeleton in some invertebrates
59
Q

Characteristics of protostomes

A
  • Spiral Cleavage
  • Solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom or blocks hollow out to form it
  • mouth develops from blastopore
  • Triploblastic
60
Q

Characteristics of deuterostomes

A
  • Radial cleavage
  • Tripoblastic
  • anus develops from blastopore
  • Folds of archenteron form coelom or pockets of mesoderm break off to form it
61
Q
A

Biology (40 decks)

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