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Biology > Chapter 36 > Flashcards

Chapter 36 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nutritional requirements of plants

A

Essential nutrients
Macronutrients
Micronutrients

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2
Q

Essential nutrient

A

Element or compound required for normal growth and production

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3
Q

Essential nutrients for plants

A

3 essential elements: C,H, O (96% of dry mass)

14 mineral nutrients: elements found in soil

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4
Q

Macronutrients

A

elements in soil that plants require in large quantities; used to make nucleic acids, phospholipids and proteins

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5
Q

Micronutrients

A

Required in small quantities; function as cofactors of a specific enzyme

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6
Q

Limiting nutrients

A

Nutrients where their availability limits plant growth

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

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7
Q

Hydroponic growth

A

Method used to study effects of nutritional deficiencies

Method: Plant is grown in liquid without soil with availability of nutrients controlled

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8
Q

Weathering

A

Forces applied by rain, water, wind; begins process of breaking down solid rock into soil

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9
Q

Humus

A

decaying organic matter

improves soil fertility, water retention, CEC (cation exchange capacity), nutrient availability, and soil health of the soil

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10
Q

How does soil texture effect the soil

A

Effects penetration of roots, ability to hold H20 and availability of O2

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11
Q

Mature soils

A

Mixture of organic and inorganic compounds

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12
Q

Loams

A

The best soil as it contains humus and has a good mixture of texture

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13
Q

Factors affecting nutrient availability

A

Anions
Cations

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14
Q

How does anions affect nutrient availability

A

High concentrations of anions like nitrate, sulfate, and phosphate increase plant growth while low concentration can limit it

Cause leaching due to anions not being taken up by plants or absorbed onto soil particles which can cause nutrient loss

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15
Q

Leaching

A

Loss of nutrients via movement of water through soil

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16
Q

How does cation exchange affect nutrient availability

A
  1. Cation exchange helps release positively charged nutrients to be absorbed by plants which increases the soil’s ability to retain and supply essential nutrients

If too many cations are absorbed the ph increases, which means more acidity which can cause leaching

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17
Q

Nutrient uptake

A

the amount of each nutrient required for the crop to complete its life cycle at a given yield level

18
Q

Zone of maturation

A

Zone where nutrient uptake occurs

19
Q

How does epidermis and root hair affect nutrient uptake

A

Increase surface area available for nutrient and water absorption

20
Q

Zone of depletion in soil

A

Form due to the uptake of soil resources, primarily mineral nutrients and water

21
Q

Proton pumps

A

Plasma membrane of root hair and epidermis cells contain proton pumps

Move nutrients into cell against the concentration gradient

Establishes electrochemical gradient that makes it possible for roots to absorb cations and anions

22
Q

How do cations enter root hairs

A

Via ion channels (diffusion)

Require ATP

23
Q

How does the electrochemical gradient established by proton pumps assist plant roots

A

Makes it possible for plant roots to absorb cations via ion channels & anions via symporters

24
Q

How do anions enter root hairs

A

via cotransporters (symporters) against concentration gradient

Require ATP

25
Q

Mycorrhizal fungi

A

80% of plants have this fungi

providing increased water and nutrient absorption capabilities, and phosphorus to plants and receive sugar in return

26
Q

Symbiotic mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit

27
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Bacteria absorbs N2 from atmosphere, converts it to ammonia, nitrates and nitrites which plants can absorb

Requires specialized enzymes and cofactors such as nitrogenase and ATP

28
Q

Nitrogen fixation bacteria

A

Takes up residence inside plant root cells

29
Q

Rhizobium

A

Bacteria that lives inside pea roots (legumes) and fixes nitrogen from the soil

Helps colonize Legume plant roots to form root nodules and in return gains carbohydrates and protection from the plant whose roots they inhabit.

30
Q

Root nodules

A

Contain nitrogen fixing-rhizobia (provide plant with ammonia in return for sugar & protection)

31
Q

Flavonoids

A

Compounds produced by the plants that attract rhizobia bacteria

32
Q

Epiphytes

A

Nutritional Adaptations of Plant

Plant or plant like organism that grow in the absence of soil on leaves or branches of other plants

Absorb nutrients through leaves from air and rain (mosses, ferns, tropical plants)

33
Q

Parasites

A

Nutritional adaptation of plants

Live on/in another plant and absorb nutrients from the host using haustoria

34
Q

Nutritional adaptation of carnivorous plants

A

Used modified leaves to trap and kill insects and other animals - absorb prey’s nutrients

Use carnivory to supplement when low nitrogen availability in soil

35
Q

What makes up most of the mass of a plant

A

CO2 and oxygen

36
Q

How do plants influence the uptake of cations such as magnesium involving cation exchange?

A

cation exchange is driven by the release of CO2 by root cells because CO reacts with H2O in soil to produce carbonic acid, which releases protons.

37
Q

How do proton pumps impact potassium uptake?

A

decrease positive charge within the cell to attract potassium ions

38
Q

A molecule binds and blocks a potassium channel in a plant cell membrane. What would be its effects?

A

Potassium uptake would be blocked since potassium ions enter cells through facilitated diffusion.

39
Q

Why is the presence of clay particles important in soil?

A

The negative charges on clay bind to positively charged ions and prevent them from leaching.

40
Q

Where does most nutrient uptake occur in roots?

A

in root hairs, in the zone of maturation

41
Q

Cation exchange

A

CO2 is released into the soil by root hairs, binds to H20 and releases carbonate and hydrogen.

Then it binds to cations and brings them into the root

Biology (40 decks)

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