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SHB > Lower Extremities > Flashcards

Lower Extremities Flashcards

1
Q

What is the origin of obturator internus?

A
  1. Obturator membrane
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2
Q

What is the insertion of obturator internus?

A
  1. Greater trochanter of the femur
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3
Q

What is the function of obturator internus?

A
  1. Lateral rotation of extended thigh at hip

2. Abduction of flexed thigh at hip

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4
Q

What is the origin of superior gemellus?

A
  1. Ischial spine
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5
Q

What is the insertion of superior gemellus?

A
  1. Greater trochanter of femur
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6
Q

What is the function of superior gemellus?

A
  1. Lateral rotation of extended hip at thigh
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7
Q

What is the origin of inferior gemellus?

A
  1. Ischial tuberosity
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8
Q

What is the insertion of inferior gemellus?

A
  1. Greater trochanter of femur
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9
Q

What is the function of inferior gemellus?

A
  1. Lateral rotation of extended hip at thigh
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10
Q

What is the origin of piriformis?

A
  1. Sacral segments 2-4

2. Sacrotuberous ligament

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11
Q

What is the insertion of piriformis?

A
  1. Greater trochanter of femur
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12
Q

What is the function of piriformis?

A
  1. Lateral rotation of extend thigh at hip

2. Abduction of flexed thigh at hip

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13
Q

What is the origin of gluteus minimus?

A
  1. Lateral surface of ilium
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14
Q

What is the insertion of gluteus minimus?

A
  1. Greater trochanter of femur
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15
Q

What is the function of gluteus minimus?

A
  1. Abduction of thigh at hip
  2. MEDIAL ROTATION of thigh at hip
  3. Steadies pelvis on leg when opposite leg is raised
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16
Q

What is the origin of gluteus medius?

A
  1. Lateral surface of ilium
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17
Q

What is the insertion of gluteus medius?

A
  1. Greater trochanter of femur
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18
Q

What is the function of gluteus minimus?

A
  1. Abduction of thigh at hip
  2. MEDIAL ROTATION of thigh at hip
  3. Steadies pelvis on leg when opposite leg is raised
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19
Q

What is the origin of gluteus maximus?

A
  1. Ilium
  2. Sacrum and coccyx
  3. Sacrotuberous ligament
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20
Q

What is the insertion of gluteus minimus?

A
  1. Lateral condyle of tibia

2. Gluteal tuberosity of femur

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21
Q

What is the function of gluteus maximus?

A
  1. Extension of flexed thigh
  2. Lateral rotation of thigh
  3. Abduction of thigh
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22
Q

What is the origin of quadratus femoris?

A
  1. Ischial tuberosity
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23
Q

What is the insertion of quadratus femoris?

A
  1. Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur
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24
Q

What is the function of quadratus femoris?

A
  1. Lateral rotation of hip at thigh
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25
Q

What is the origin of tensor fascia lata?

A
  1. Iliac spine

2. Iliac crest

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26
Q

What is the insertion of tensor fascia lata?

A
  1. Lateral condyle of tibia
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27
Q

What is the function of tensor fascia lata?

A
  1. Abduction of thigh at hip
  2. MEDIAL ROTATION of thigh at hip
  3. Flexion of thigh at hip
  4. Extension of knee (assists)
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28
Q

All of the muscles of the gluteal region are lateral rotators of the extended thigh at the hip EXCEPT for which three muscles?

A
  1. Gluteus minimus
  2. Gluteus medius
  3. Tensor fascia lata
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29
Q

All of the muscles of the gluteal region are abductors of the flexed thigh at the hip EXCEPT for which three muscles?

A
  1. Superior gemellus
  2. Inferior gemellus
  3. Quadratus femoris
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30
Q

Generally, what supplies the gluteal region?

A

Superior and inferior gluteal arteries

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31
Q

Generally, what innervates the muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Lumbosacral plexus

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32
Q

What are the 9 muscles of the gluteal region?

A
  1. Gluteus maximus
  2. Gluteus medius
  3. Gluteus minimus
  4. Superior gemellus
  5. Inferior gemellus
  6. Piriformis
  7. Quadratus femoris
  8. Obturator internus
  9. Tensor fascia lata
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33
Q

What is the only muscle of the gluteal region that extends the thigh?

A

Gluteus maximus

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34
Q

What is the only muscle of the gluteal region that flexes the thigh?

A

Tensor fascia lata

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35
Q

What are the 5 muscles of the anterior thigh?

A
  1. Sartorius
  2. Rectus femoris
  3. Vastus intermedius
  4. Vastus lateralis
  5. Vastus medialis
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36
Q

Where do all 4 quadriceps muscles insert?

A

Patella and tibial tuberosity

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37
Q

What innervates all muscles of the anterior thigh?

A

Femoral nerve

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38
Q

The 4 quadriceps muscles all perform what function?

A

Extension of leg at knee

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39
Q

What is the origin of sartorius?

A
  1. Anterior superior iliac spine
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40
Q

What is the insertion of sartorius?

A
  1. Tibia
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41
Q

What is the function of sartorius?

A
  1. Flexion of thigh
  2. Lateral rotation of thigh
  3. Flexion of leg
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42
Q

What is the origin of rectus femoris?

A
  1. Anterior superior iliac spine

2. Ilium

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43
Q

What is the insertion of rectus femoris?

A
  1. Patella

2. Tibial tuberosity

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44
Q

What is the function of rectus femoris?

A
  1. Flexion of thigh

2. Extension of leg

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45
Q

What is the origin of vastus medialis?

A
  1. Intertrochanteric line

2. Linea aspera of femur

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46
Q

What is the insertion of vastus medialis?

A
  1. Patella

2. Tibial tuberosity

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47
Q

What is the function of all the 3 vastus muscles?

A
  1. Extension of leg
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48
Q

What is the origin of vastus lateralis?

A
  1. Greater trochanter of femur

2. Linea aspera of femur

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49
Q

What is the insertion of vastus lateralis?

A
  1. Patella

2. Tibial tuberosity

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50
Q

What is the origin of vastus intermedius?

A
  1. Body of femur
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51
Q

What is the insertion of vastus intermedius?

A
  1. Patella

2. Tibial tuberosity

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52
Q

Generally, what artery supplies the muscles of the anterior thigh? Specifically, what artery supplies the quadriceps muscles?

A

Femoral artery; Lateral circumflex femoral artery

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53
Q

What are the 7 muscles of the medial thigh?

A
  1. Iliopsoas (iliacus & psoas major)
  2. Pectineus
  3. Obturator externus
  4. Gracilis
  5. Adductor brevis
  6. Adductor longus
  7. Adductor magnus
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54
Q

All muscles of the medial thigh insert somewhere on the ___ except for gracilis.

A

Femur

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55
Q

All medial thigh muscles function as flexors of the thigh except for what three?

A
  1. Obturator externus
  2. Adductor longus
  3. Hamstring part of adductor magnus
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56
Q

What is the only medial thigh muscle that extends the thigh?

A

Adductor magnus (hamstring part)

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57
Q

All medial thigh muscles adduct the thigh except for what three muscles?

A
  1. Adductor magnus
  2. Obturator externus
  3. Iliopsoas
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58
Q

Generally, the muscles of the medial thigh are supplied by which artery?

A

Medial circumflex femoral artery

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59
Q

What is the origin of iliopsoas?

A
  1. Iliac fossa
  2. Iliac crest
  3. Ala of sacrum
  4. Anterior sacroiliac ligaments
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60
Q

What is the insertion of iliopsoas?

A
  1. Lesser trochanter of femur
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61
Q

What is the function of iliopsoas?

A
  1. Flexion of thigh

2. Stabilizes hip

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62
Q

What is the origin of pectineus?

A
  1. Superior ramus of pubis
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63
Q

What is the insertion of pectineus?

A
  1. Pectineal line of femur
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64
Q

What is the function of pectineus?

A
  1. Adduction of thigh

2. Flexion of thigh

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65
Q

What is the origin of obturator externus?

A
  1. Obturator foramen

2. Obturator membrane

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66
Q

What is the insertion of obturator externus?

A
  1. Trochnateric fossa of femur
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67
Q

What is the function of obturator externus?

A
  1. Lateral rotation of thigh

2. Stabilizes femur

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68
Q

What is the origin of gracilis?

A
  1. Body of pubis

2. Inferior ramus of pubis

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69
Q

What is the insertion of gracilis?

A
  1. Tibia
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70
Q

What is the function of gracilis?

A
  1. Adduction of thigh
  2. Flexion of thigh
  3. Medial rotation of thigh
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71
Q

What is the origin of adductor brevis?

A
  1. Body of pubis

2. Inferior pubic ramus

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72
Q

What is the insertion of adductor brevis?

A
  1. Pectineal line of femur

2. Linea aspera of femur

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73
Q

What is the function of adductor brevis?

A
  1. Adduction of thigh

2. Flexion of thigh (weak)

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74
Q

What is the origin of adductor longus?

A
  1. Body of pubis
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75
Q

What is the insertion of adductor longus?

A
  1. Linea aspera of femur
76
Q

What is the function of adductor longus?

A
  1. Adduction of thigh
77
Q

What is the origin of adductor magnus (adductor part)?

A
  1. Inferior pubic ramus

2. Ramus of ischium

78
Q

What is the insertion of adductor magnus(adductor part?

A
  1. Gluteal tuberosity

2. Linea aspera of femur

79
Q

What is the function of adductor magnus (adductor part)?

A
  1. Adduction of thigh

2. Flexion of thigh

80
Q

What is the origin of adductor magnus (hamstring part)?

A
  1. Ischial tuberosity
81
Q

What is the insertion of adductor magnus (hamstring part)?

A
  1. Adductor tubercle of femur
82
Q

What is the function of adductor magnus (hamstring portion)?

A
  1. Extension of thigh
83
Q

What are the three muscles of the posterior thigh?

A
  1. Semitendinosus
  2. Semimembranosus
  3. Biceps femoris
84
Q

What is the origin of all muscles of the posterior thigh except for the short head of the biceps?

A

Ischial tuberosity

85
Q

What two functions are performed by all muscles of the posterior thigh?

A

Leg flexion, hip extension

86
Q

What is the origin of semitendinosus?

A

Ischial tuberosity

87
Q

What is the insertion of semitendinosus?

A

Medial surface of tibia

88
Q

What is the function of semitendinosus and semimembranosus?

A

Leg flexion, hip extension

89
Q

What is the origin of biceps femoris?

A

Long head: ischial tuberosity

Short head: lateral supracondylar line of femur, linea aspera

90
Q

What is the insertion of biceps femoris?

A

Head of fbibula

91
Q

What is the function of biceps femoris?

A

Leg flexion, hip extension, lateral rotation of leg

92
Q

Generally, what innervates the muscles of the posterior thigh?

A

Sciatic nerve (tibial division), except for short head of biceps (sciatic nerve - common fibular division)

93
Q

Generally, what supplies the muscles of the posterior thigh?

A

Medial circumflex artery, branch of deep femoral artery

94
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle (superior, medial, lateral, floor)?

A

Superior - inguinal ligament
Lateral - sartorius
Medial - adductor longus (medial edge)
Floor - iliopsoas, pectineus, adductor longus

95
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

Terminal part of femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Deep inguinal lymph nodes

(NAVL)

96
Q

What are the 6 movements of the thigh?

A
  1. Flexion
  2. Extension
  3. Adduction
  4. Abduction
  5. Lateral rotation
  6. Medial rotation
97
Q

There are 9 hip flexors - what are they?

A
  1. Iliopsoas
  2. Sartorius
  3. Tensor fascia lata
  4. Rectus femoris
  5. Pectineus
  6. Adductor longus
  7. Adductor brevis
  8. Adductor magnus (anterior part)
  9. Gracilis
98
Q

There are 5 hip extensors - what are they?

A

1-3. Hamstrings - semitendinosus, semimembranosus, long head of biceps femoris

  1. Adductor magnus (posterior hamstring part)
  2. Gluteus maximus
99
Q

There are 7 lateral rotators of the hip - what are they?

A
  1. Obturator externus
  2. Obturator internus
  3. Superior gemellus
  4. Inferior gemellus
  5. Piriformis
  6. Quadratus femoris
  7. Gluteus maximus
100
Q

There are 3 medial rotators of the hip - what are they?

A
  1. Gluteus medius
  2. Gluteus minimus
  3. Tensor fascia lata
101
Q

There are 3 abductors of the hip - what are they?

A
  1. Gluteus medius
  2. Gluteus minimus
  3. Tensor fascia lata
102
Q

There are 6 adductors of the hip - what are they?

A
  1. Adductor longus
  2. Adductor brevis
  3. Adductor magnus
  4. Gracilis
  5. Pectineus
  6. Obturator externus
103
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the anterior leg?

A
  1. Tibialis anterior
  2. Extensor digitorum longus
  3. Extensory hallucis longus
  4. Fibularis tertius
104
Q

What is the common origin of all four muscles of the anterior leg?

A

Interosseous membrane

105
Q

What innervates all four muscles of the anterior leg?

A

Deep peroneal nerve

106
Q

What is the origin of tibialis anterior?

A
  1. Lateral condyle of tibia
  2. Lateral tibia
  3. Interosseous membrane
107
Q

What is the origin of extensor digitorum longus?

A
  1. Lateral condyle of tibia
  2. Fibula
  3. Interosseous membrane
108
Q

What is the origin of extensor hallucis longus?

A
  1. Fibula

2. Interosseous membrane

109
Q

What is the origin of fibularis tertius?

A
  1. Fibula

2. Interosseous membrane

110
Q

What is the insertion of tibialis anterior?

A
  1. Medial cuneiform

2. First metatarsal

111
Q

What is the insertion of extensor digitorum longus?

A

Lateral four digits

112
Q

What is the insertion of extensor hallucis longus

A

Big toe

113
Q

What is the insertion of fibularis tertius?

A

5th metatarsal

114
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the lateral leg?

A
  1. Fibularis brevis

2. Fibularis longus

115
Q

What is the origin of both fibularis brevis and longus?

A

Fibula

116
Q

What is the insertion of fibularis brevis?

A

5th metatarsal

117
Q

What is the insertion of fibularis longus?

A

1st metatarsal; medial cuneiform

118
Q

What innervates the muscles of the lateral leg?

A

Superficial peroneal nerve

119
Q

What are the three muscles of the posterior leg (superficial)?

A
  1. Gastrocnemius
  2. Soleus
  3. Plantaris
120
Q

What is the origin of gastrocnemius?

A

Lateral head - lateral condyle femur

Medial head - surface above medial condyle of femur

121
Q

What is the origin of soleus?

A
  1. Head of fibula
  2. Posterior surface of fibula
  3. Soleal line of tibia
122
Q

What is the origin of plantaris?

A
  1. Lateral supracondylar line of femur

2. Oblique popliteal ligament

123
Q

What is the common insertion of the muscles of the posterior leg (superficial)?

A

Calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

124
Q

What innervates the muscles of the posterior leg (superficial and deep)?

A

Tibial nerve

125
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the posterior leg (deep)?

A
  1. Popliteus
  2. Tibialis posterior
  3. Flexor digitorum longus
  4. Flexor hallucis longus
126
Q

What is the origin of popliteus?

A
  1. Lateral condyle of femur

2. Lateral meniscus

127
Q

What is the origin of tibialis posterior?

A
  1. Posterior tibia
  2. Interosseous membrane
  3. Posterior fibula
128
Q

What is the origin of flexor digitorum longus?

A
  1. Posterior tibia
129
Q

What is the origin of flexor hallucis longus?

A
  1. Posterior fibula

2. Interosseous membrane

130
Q

What is the insertion of popliteus?

A
  1. Posterior tibia
131
Q

What is the insertion of tibialis posterior?

A
  1. Tuberosity of navicular
  2. Cuneiforms
  3. Cuboid
  4. 2nd-4th metatarsals
132
Q

What is the insertion of flexor digitorum longus?

A
  1. Lateral four digits
133
Q

What is the insertion of flexor hallucis longus?

A
  1. Big toe
134
Q

What are the four movements of the leg (at the knee)?

A
  1. Flexion
  2. Extension
  3. Lateral rotation
  4. Medial rotation
135
Q

What are the 8 flexors of the leg at the knee?

A
  1. Semimembranosus
  2. Semitendinosus
  3. Biceps femoris
  4. Sartorius
  5. Gracilis
  6. Popliteus
  7. Gastrocnemius
  8. Plantaris
136
Q

What are the 2 extensors of the leg at the knee?

A
  1. Quadriceps femoris

2. Tensor fascia lata

137
Q

What are the 5 medial rotators of the leg at the knee?

A
  1. Popliteus
  2. Semimembranosus
  3. Semitendinosus
  4. Sartorius
  5. Gracilis
138
Q

What is the only lateral rotator of the leg at the knee?

A
  1. Biceps femoris
139
Q

What are the four movements of the foot?

A
  1. Dorsiflexion
  2. Plantarflexion
  3. Inversion
  4. Eversion
140
Q

What 2 muscles of the leg perform dorsiflexion?

A
  1. Tibialis anterior

2. Extensor hallucis longus

141
Q

What 8 muscles of the leg perform plantarflexion?

A
  1. Fibularis brevis (weak)
  2. Fibularis longus (weak)
  3. Gastrocnemius
  4. Soleus
  5. Plantaris (weak)
  6. Tibialis posterior
  7. Flexor digitorum longus
  8. Flexor hallucis longus (weak)
142
Q

What 3 muscles of the leg perform inversion?

A
  1. Tibialis anterior
  2. Fibularis tertius
  3. Tibialis posterior
143
Q

What 2 muscles perform eversion?

A
  1. Fibularis brevis

2. Fibularis longus

144
Q

What muscles raises the heel during walking?

A

Gastrocnemius

145
Q

What muscle unlocks the knee by rotating the femur?

A

Popliteus

146
Q

What muscle supports the longitudinal arches?

A

Flexor digitorum longus

147
Q

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A
  1. Biceps femoris
  2. Semimembranosus
  3. Gastrocnemius (both heads)
148
Q

What are the 6 contents of the popliteal fossa (3 nerves, 2 arteries, 1 vein)?

A
  1. Tibial nerve
  2. Common fibular nerve
  3. Articular branch of obturator nerve
  4. Popliteal vein
  5. Popliteal artery
  6. Genicular arteries
149
Q

What are the three muscles of the first layer of the plantar surface of the foot?

A
  1. Abductor hallucis
  2. Flexor digitorum brevis
  3. Abductor digiti minimi

AFA

150
Q

What is the origin of abductor hallucis?

A
  1. Calcaneus
  2. Flexor retinaculum
  3. Plantar aponeurosis
151
Q

What is the origin of flexor digitorum brevis and abductor digiti minimi?

A
  1. Calcaneus
  2. Plantar aponeurosis
  3. Intermuscular septum
152
Q

What is the insertion of abductor hallucis?

A
  1. Proximal phalanx of big toe
153
Q

What is the insertion of flexor digitorum brevis?

A
  1. Middle phalanges of digits 2-5
154
Q

What is the insertion of abductor digiti minimi?

A
  1. Proximal phalanx of 5th digit
155
Q

What makes up the second layer of the plantar surface of the foot?

A
  1. Quadratus plantae
  2. Lumbricals (4)
  3. Tendon of flexor digitorum longus
  4. Tendon of flexor hallucis longus

2M (QL) + 2T

156
Q

What is the origin of quadratus plantae?

A
  1. Calcaneus
157
Q

What is the origin of the lumbricals?

A
  1. Tendons of flexor digitorum longus
158
Q

What is the insertion of quadratus plantae?

A
  1. Flexor digitorum longus tendon
159
Q

What is the insertion of the lumbricals?

A
  1. Dorsal digital expansions of lateral 4 digits
160
Q

What are the three muscles of the third layer of the plantar surface of the foot?

A
  1. Flexor hallucis brevis
  2. Adductor hallucis
  3. Flexor digiti minimi brevis

FAF

161
Q

What is the origin of flexor hallucis brevis?

A
  1. Cuboid

2. Cuneiform

162
Q

What is the origin of adductor hallucis?

A

Oblique head - 2nd-4th metatarsals

Transverse head - ligaments of MTP joints of digits 3-5

163
Q

What is the origin of flexor digiti minimi brevis?

A
  1. 5th metatarsal
164
Q

What is the insertion of flexor hallucis brevis and adductor hallucis?

A

Proximal phalanx of big toe

165
Q

What is the insertion of flexor digiti minimi brevis?

A
  1. Proximal phalanx of 5th digit
166
Q

What makes up the fourth layer of the plantar surface of the foot?

A
  1. Plantar interossei
  2. Dorsal interossei
  3. Tendon of fibularis longus
  4. Tendon of tibialis posterior

2M + 2T

167
Q

What is the origin of plantar interossei?

A
  1. 3rd-5th metatarsals
168
Q

What is the origin of dorsal interossei?

A
  1. 1st-5th metatarsals
169
Q

What is the insertion of plantar interossei?

A
  1. Proximal phalanges of 3rd-5th digits
170
Q

What is the insertion of dorsal interossei?

A

1st - proximal phalanx of 2nd digit

2nd-4th - lateral sides of digits 2-4

171
Q

What 1 muscle abduct the big toe?

A
  1. Abductor hallucis
172
Q

What 3 muscles flex the big toe (only)?

A
  1. Abductor hallucis
  2. Flexor hallucis brevis
  3. Flexor hallucis longis
173
Q

What 2 muscles flex digits 2-5 (only)?

A
  1. Flexor digitorum brevis

2. Flexor digitorum longus

174
Q

What 1 muscle abducts the fifth digit (only)?

A
  1. Abductor digiti minimi
175
Q

What 2 muscles flexes the 5th digit (only)?

A
  1. Abductor digiti minimi

2. Flexor digiti minimi brevis

176
Q

What does the quadratus plantae do?

A
  1. Flexion of toes (assists)

2. Corrects for oblique pull of flexor digitorum longus tendon

177
Q

What do the lumbricals do?

A
  1. Flexion of proximal phalanges at MTP joint

2. Extension of phalanges at PIP and DIP joints

178
Q

What does adductor hallucis do?

A
  1. Adducts the big toe

2. Maintains the transverse arch

179
Q

What do the interossei do?

A

Plantar interossei - adduction of digits 2-4
Dorsal interossei - abduction of digits 2-4
Both - flexion of MTP joints, extension of phalanges

180
Q

What muscles extend the big toe?

A
  1. Extensor hallucis longus

2. Extensor hallucis brevis

181
Q

What muscles extend digits 2-4?

A
  1. Extensor digitorum brevis

2. Extensor digitorum longus

182
Q

What 2 muscles are found on the dorsum of the foot?

A
  1. Extensor hallucis brevis

2. Extensor digitorum brevis

183
Q

What is the origin of extensor hallucis brevis and extensor digitorum brevis?

A
  1. Calcaneus
184
Q

What is the insertion of extensor hallucis brevis?

A
  1. Proximal phalanx of big toe
185
Q

What is the insertion of extensor digitorum brevis?

A
  1. Proximal phalanges 2-4

SHB (36 decks)

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