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SHB > 10.24.16 Embryology of the Heart > Flashcards

10.24.16 Embryology of the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

The cardiovascular system begins to develop at the end of the ___.

A

3rd week

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2
Q

The primordial heart starts to beat at the beginning of the ___.

A

4th week

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3
Q

What develops into two heart tubes that join to form the primordial vascular system?

A

Proliferating mesenchymal cells derived from the splanchnic mesoderm

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4
Q

What are the three layers of heart cells?

A
  1. Endocardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Epicardium
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5
Q

What are the 5 chambers of the heart tube (cranio-caudal order)?

A
  1. Truncus arteriosus
  2. Bulbus cordis
  3. Primitive ventricle
  4. Primitive atrium
  5. Sinus venosus
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6
Q

Which chamber of the heart contributes to the pulmonary trunk and aorta?

A

Truncus arteriosus

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7
Q

Which chamber of the heart contributes to the right and left auricles?

A

Primitive atrium

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8
Q

Which chamber of the heart contributes to the coronary sinus and part of the right atrium?

A

Sinus venosus

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9
Q

Which chamber of the heart contributes to the smooth part of the right and left ventricles?

A

Bulbis cordis

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10
Q

Which chamber of the heart contributes to the rough part of the the right and left ventricles?

A

Primitive ventricle

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11
Q

What cause the “S” shaped lopping of the heart?

A

As the heart grows, it bends to the right, which moves the primitive atrium and ventricle into roughly correct anatomical position

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12
Q

The right horn of the sinus venosus gives the ___.

A

Sinus venarum (smooth part of right atrium)

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13
Q

The left horn of the sinus venosus gives the ___.

A

Coronary sinus

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14
Q

How is the atrioventricular canal formed?

A

Two endocardial cushions grow and fuse to form the AV septum. This divides the canal into right AV (tricuspid) and left AV (bicuspid) canals.

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15
Q

What is the crescent membrane that grows down from the wall of the atrium toward the endocardial cushions?

A

Septum primum

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16
Q

What is the opening that allows blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?

A

Ostium primum

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17
Q

What is the new opening that appears by perforation of the septum primum?

A

Ostium secundum

18
Q

What membrane grows down from the atrium and covers (but does not seal) the ostium secundum, leaving an opening which is a valve-like path for the blood from the right to the left atrium?

A

Septum secundum

19
Q

After birth, the septum secundum closes, leaving behind the ___.

A

Fossa ovalis

20
Q

The ___ becomes divided into two halves by interventricualr septum which is formed of two parts.

A

Primitive ventricle

21
Q

The spiral orientation of the bulbar and truncal ridges results in the formation of a spiral ___ which provides continuity of the aorta with the left ventricle and the pulmonary trunk with the right ventricle.

A

Aorticopulmonary septum

22
Q

As the pharyngeal arches form during the 4th and 5th weeks, they are penetrated by ___ that arise from the aortic sac.

A

Pharyngeal arteries

23
Q

___ pairs of aortic arches connect the dorsal aorta with the ventral aortic sac.

A

Six

24
Q

Which aortic arch completely disappears?

A

5th

25
Q

What is the derivative of the 1st aortic arch?

A

Maxillary artieres

26
Q

What is the derivative of the 2nd aortic arch?

A

Hyoid and stapedial arteries

27
Q

What is the derivative of the 3rd aortic arch?

A

Common carotid and first part of the internal carotid arteries

28
Q

What is the derivative of the 4th aortic arch (left side)?

A

Arch of the aorta from the left common carotid to the left subclavian arteries

29
Q

What is the derivative of the 4th aortic arch (right side)?

A

Right subclavian artery (proximal portion)

30
Q

What is the derivative of the 6th aortic arch (left side)?

A

Left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus

31
Q

What is the derivative of the 6th aortic arch (right side)?

A

Right pulmonary artery

32
Q

The fetal cardiovascular system is structurally designed so that blood is oxygenated in the ___ and most of it bypasses the lungs.

A

Placenta

33
Q

Failure of the postnatal circulatory changes to occur at birth results in two of the most common congenital anomilies of the heart - what are they?

A

Patent foramen ovale and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

34
Q

PDA is the most common congenital cardiac malformation associated with ___.

A

Rubella infection of the mother

35
Q

What type of defect is patent foramen ovale?

A

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

36
Q

What is the most common congenital heart defect?

A

Ventricular septal defects (VSD) - usually in the membranous part

37
Q

What are the three abrnomal divisions of the truncus arteriosus?

A
  1. Persistent truncus arteriosus
  2. Transposition of the great vessels
  3. Fallot’s tetralogy
38
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

Right-sided heart

39
Q

What is the most common cyanotic heart lesion?

A

Fallot’s tetralogy

40
Q

What are the four features of Fallot’s tetralogy?

A
  1. Overriding aorta
  2. Pulmonary stenosis
  3. VSD
  4. Hypertrophy of right ventricle

SHB (36 decks)

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