9.20.16 Overview of Body Terminology

Question 1

Describe the anatomical planes of the body.

Answer 1

1. Coronal/frontal: vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
2. Transverse/horizontal: horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts
3. Sagittal: vertical plane that passes parallel to the median plane; the median is the midline of the body that divides it into equal right and left halves.

Question 2

List the terms of position.

Answer 2

1. Anterior (ventral)/Posterior (dorsal): in front of/behind
2. Superior (cranial)/Inferior (caudal): above/below
3. Deep (internal)/Superficial (external): Further from the body surface/closer to the body surface
4. Medial/Lateral: closer to the median/further from the median
5. Proximal/Distal: closer to the trunk or origin/away from the trunk or origin
6. Ipsilateral/Contralateral: same side of the body/opposite side of the body

Question 3

Describe the anatomical position.

Answer 3

Standing erect, head directed forward, neck vertical, eyes looking to the distance, arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward and thumbs lateral, legs placed together with feet together facing forward.

Question 4

Describe flexion and extension.

Answer 4

Flexion decreases the angle of the joint and brings two bones together. Extension increases the angle between two bones and brings two bones further away from each other.

Question 5

Describe abduction and adduction.

Answer 5

Abduction is movement of a limb away from the midline. Adduction is a movement of a limb toward the midline. (Latin - Ab = away from, Ad = toward)

Question 6

Describe supination and pronation.

Answer 6

Supination is lateral rotation of the forearm causing the palm to face anteriorly. Pronation is medial rotation of the forearm causing the palm to face posteriorly.

Question 7

Describe rotation.

Answer 7

Rotation is movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis.

Question 8

Describe inversion and eversion.

Answer 8

Inversion is movement of the sole towards the midline (turning the sole of the foot inwards or medially). Eversion is movement of the sole away from the midline (turning the sole of the foot outwards or laterally).

Question 9

Describe dorsiflexion and plantar flexion.

Answer 9

Dorsiflexion is lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin. Plantar flexion is depressing the foot.

Question 10

Describe circumduction.

Answer 10

Circumduction is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

Question 11

Describe opposition and reposition

Answer 11

Opposition brings the thumb and little finger together. Reposition moves the thumb and the little finger away from each other.

Question 12

Describe protraction and retraction.

Answer 12

Protraction is movement of a body part in the anterior direction. Retraction is movement of a body part in the posterior direction.

Question 13

Describe elevation and depression.

Answer 13

Elevation is movement in a superior direction. Depression is movement in an inferior direction.

Question 14

Describe the axial and appendicular skeletons.

Answer 14

The axial skeleton includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column (spine), ribs, and sternum. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the limbs, including the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which attach the limbs to the axis.

Question 15

What are the 5 types of bones and an example of each?

Answer 15

1. Long bone (femur)
2. Short bone (carpal bones)
3. Flat bone (parietal)
4. Irregular bone (vertebrae)
5. Sesamoid bone (bones developed in a tendon or muscle; patella)

Question 16

What are the 5 general features of bones?

Answer 16

1. Articular surface
2. Sharp bony prominence
3. Blunt bony prominence
4. Bony depression
5. Bony hole

Question 17

What are three names for articular surfaces?

Answer 17

Facets, condyles, epicondyles

Question 18

What are four names for sharp bony prominences?

Answer 18

Processes, protuberances, crests, and spines

Question 19

What are three names for blunt bony prominences?

Answer 19

Tubercles, tuberosities, and tronachters

Question 20

What are three names for bony depressions?

Answer 20

Fossae, grooves, fissures

Question 21

What are two names for bony holes?

Answer 21

Foramen, meatus

Question 22

What is the surface of a skeletal formation that makes normal direct contact with another skeletal structure as part of a synovial joint?

Answer 22

Articular surface

Question 23

What is a bony prominence?

Answer 23

Any point on the body where the bone is immediately below the skin surface

Question 24

What are the three types of joints?

Answer 24

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

Question 25

What are the six types of synovial joints?

Answer 25

Plane, pivot, hinge, saddle, condylar, ball and socket

Question 26

What is the fascia?

Answer 26

Band or sheet of connective tissue (primarily collagen) beneath the skin that attaches, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal organs.

Question 27

What are the 2 types of fascia?

Answer 27

Superficial and deep

Question 28

What is the rule of movement?

Answer 28

If a muscle crosses a joint, it will act at that joint.

Question 29

Skeletal muscles are usually attached to bones via tendons at sites known as ___ and ___.

Answer 29

Origins; insertions

Question 30

What are the three types of blood vessels?

Answer 30

Arteries, veins, and capillaries

Question 31

What are the general divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 31

CNS and PNS; PNS is divided into somatic and autonomic; somatic is divided into afferent and efferent; autonomic is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic