Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SHB > 9.21.16 Vertebral Column > Flashcards

9.21.16 Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

33

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the layout of the vertebral column.

A 
7 Cervical vertebrae
12 Thoracic vertebrae
5 Lumbar vertebrae
5 fused Sacral vertebrae
4 fused Coccyx vertebrae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Each thoracic vertebra articulates with a pair of ___.

A

Ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the four curvatures of the vertebral column?

A
  1. Cervical lordosis - secondary curvature
  2. Thoracic kyphosis - primary curvature
  3. Lumbar lordosis - secondary curvature
  4. Sacral kyphosis - primary curvature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the curvature of the vertebral column in a fetus.

A

One curvature, concave anterior, adapted for the small size of the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the three abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column.

A
  1. Excessive kyphosis - humpback or hunchback
  2. Excessive lordosis - hollow back or swayback
  3. Scoliosis - abnormal lateral curvature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pregnant women typically display which abnormal curvature?

A

Excessive lordosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 9 features of a typical vertebra?

A
  1. Body
  2. Vertebral arch
  3. Articular processes (facets)
  4. Intervertebral foramen (foramina)
  5. Lamina (laminae)
  6. Pedicle
  7. Transverse processes
    8 Spinous process
  8. Vertebral foramen (canal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the body of the vertebra?

A

The weight-bearing portion that tends to increase in size as one descends the spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the articular processes (facets)?

A

Two superior and two inferior facets for articulation with adjacent vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the intervertebral foramen?

A

The opening formed by the vertebral notches that is traversed by spinal nerve roots and associated vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the lamina?

A

Paired portions of the vertebral arch that connect the transverse processes to the spinous process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the pedicle?

A

Part of the vertebral arch that attach the transverse processes to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the transverse processes?

A

Lateral extensions from the union of the pedicle and lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the spinous process?

A

A projection that extends posteriorly by union of two laminae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the vertebral foramen?

A

A foramen formed from the vertebral arch and body that contains the spinal cord and its meningeal coverings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which type of vertebra has a massive, kidney-shaped body?

A

Lumbar vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which type of vertebra contain foramina in the transverse processes?

A

Cervical vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which type of vertebra has transverse processes that bear facets for ribs?

A

Thoracic vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which type of vertebra has superior and inferior articular processes with superior facets directed posteromedially (or medially) and inferior facets directed anterolaterally (or laterally)?

A

Lumbar vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The vertebral canal is formed by a stack of ___.

A

Foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The sacrum is composed of ___ fused vertebrae that form a single, wedge-shaped bone. This provides support for the ___.

A

Five; pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The coccyx is composed of ___ fused vertebrae and lacks vertebral arches and a vertebral ___.

A

Four; canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

True or false - the features and number of vertebrae can vary.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a cervical rib?

A

An extra rib articulating with C7; can cause a form of thoracic outlet syndrom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a lumbar rib?

A

An extra rib articulating with L1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is sacralization?

A

L5 is partially incorporated into the sacrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is lumbarization?

A

S1 is partially separated from the rest of the sacrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the 5 major joints of the vertebral column?

A

Joints of the vertebral bodies, joints of the vertebral arches, craniovertebral (atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital) joints, costovertebral joints, sacroiliac joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are IV discs?

A

Intervertebral discs; secondary cartilaginous joints that are designed for weight-bearing and strength.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The articulating surfaces of adjacent vertebrae are connected by what two things?

A

IV discs and ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Each IV disc consists of what two things?

A
  1. Annulus fibrous (outer fibrous part)

2. Nucleus pulposus (gelatinous central mass, core of IV disc)

33
Q

What is a herniated disc?

A

Protrusion of the nucleus pulposus into or through the annulus fibrosus, causing low back and lower limb pain

34
Q

What are the joints of the vertebral bodies known as?

A

Intervertebral discs

35
Q

What are the joints of the vertebral arches known as?

A

Zygapophysial (Z) joints or facet joints

36
Q

What are zygapophysial joints?

A

Plane synovial joints between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae. It allows some gliding and sliding movements.

37
Q

What is the anterior longitudinal (AL) ligament?

A

Ligament that connects the anterior vertebral bodies and IV discs

38
Q

What is the posterior longitudinal (PL) ligament?

A

Ligament that connects the posterior vertebral bodies and IV discs

39
Q

What is the ligamentum flavum?

A

Yellow ligament that connects adjacent vertebral laminae

40
Q

What is the interspinous ligament?

A

Connects vertebral spines

41
Q

What is the supraspinous ligament?

A

Connects vertebral spinous tips

42
Q

What is the intertransverse ligament?

A

Connects vertebral transverse processes

43
Q

What is the ligamentum nuchae (nuchal ligament)?

A

Strong triangular ligament at the back of the neck; continuation of the supraspinous ligament

44
Q

Herniation usually occurs in what direction?

A

Posterolaterally

45
Q

What is the surgical excision of one or more spinous processes and the adjacent supporting vertebral laminae in a particular region of the vertebral column?

A

Laminectomy

46
Q

The spinal cord begins as a continuation of the ___ and ends as an inferior tapering end known as the ___.

A

Medulla oblongata; conus medullaris

47
Q

The spinal cord lies in the vertebral ___ and extends from the foramen magnum to the level of the ___ vertebra in adults and ___ in children.

A

Canal; L1 or L2; L3

48
Q

During the fetal period, the vertebral column grows ___ (faster or slower) than the spinal cord. What happens as a result?

A

Faster; the cord ascends relative to the vertebral canal

49
Q

What are the two enlargements of the spinal cord? These enlargements occur in regions associated with the origin of spinal nerves that innervate the upper and lower limbs.

A
  1. Cervical (upper limbs, associated with C5 to T1)

2. Lumbar (lower limbs, associated with L1 to S3)

50
Q

How many pair of spinal nerves are there? Describe the division of these.

A 
31 pairs of spinal nerves
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
51
Q

Which is shorter, the spinal cord or the vertebral column?

A

Spinal cord

52
Q

The ___ and ___ nerve roots extend far beyond the termination of the adult spinal cord at approximately the L2 level to reach the remaining lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal IV foramina.

A

Lumbar; sacral

53
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

The loose bundle of spinal nerve roots arising from the lumbosacral enlargement and the conus medullaris

54
Q

Externally, the spinal cord is marked by what three major fissures and sulci?

A
  1. Anterior median fissure
  2. Posterior median sulcus
  3. Posterolateral sulcus
55
Q

Internally, what are the three major parts of the spinal cord?

A

Central canal, gray matter, white matter

56
Q

Describe the gray matter of the spinal cord.

A

H-shaped appearance, rich in nerve cell bodies

57
Q

Describe the white matter of the spinal cord.

A

Rich in nerve cell processes, which form large bundles or tracts.

58
Q

Describe/explain the emergence of the spinal nerves from the vertebral canal.

A

C1 emerges from the vertebral canal between the skull and Atlas. Thus, C2-C7 also emerge from the canal above their vertebrae. C8 emerges between vertebrae VII and TI. As a consequence, all remaining spinal nerves beginning with T1 emerge from the vertebral canal below their respective vertebrae.

59
Q

Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord by what two things?

A

Posterior and anterior roots

60
Q

What is an anterior (ventral) nerve root?

A

Motor (efferent) fibers

61
Q

What is the posterior (dorsal) nerve root?

A

Sensory (afferent) fibers from cell bodies in the spinal or posterior (dorsal) root ganglion (DRG) that extend peripherally to sensory endings and centrally to the posterior horn of spinal cord gray matter

62
Q

The posterior and anterior nerve roots unite, within or just proximal to the intervertebral foramen, to form what?

A

A mixed (motor and sensory) spinal nerve, which immediately divides into two rami (branches) - anterior and posterior ramus

63
Q

The dorsal (posterior) ramus conveys motor and sensory information to and from what?

A

The skin and intrinsic back skeletal muscles

64
Q

What does the ventral (anterior) ramus innervate?

A

The remaining skin and skeletal muscles of the neck, limbs, and trunk

65
Q

Which of the rami are bigger?

A

Ventral (anterior) ramus

66
Q

Describe the spinal nerve rules.

A
  1. 7 cervical vertebrae and 8 spinal nerves
  2. C1 exits above Atlas
  3. C2-C7 exit above the respective vertebrae
  4. C8 exits below the C7 vertebrae
  5. All subsequent spinal nerves exit below their respective vertebrae
67
Q

What are the three layers of the spinal meninges?

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
68
Q

Describe the dura mater

A

Forms a tough, outer protective layer; extends from the margin of foramen magnum to the level of S2; provides a tubular sheath for each dorsal and ventral root.

69
Q

What are the two spaces of the dura mater?

A

Subdural space (between dura and arachnoid) and epidural space (extends to the dura)

70
Q

Describe the arachnoid mater.

A

Thin, delicate membrane that lines the dural sac; ends at S2

71
Q

What is the space inside the arachnoid mater and what does it contain?

A

Subarachnoid space; CSF

72
Q

Describe the pia mater

A

Closely applied to the spinal cord and ends as filum terminale; also has lateral extensions called denticulate ligaments

73
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

Delicate ligament composed of pia mater that extends from the conus medullaris to the coccyx

74
Q

What is the denticulate ligament

A

Toothed ligament formed by the pia mater that extends laterally and pierces the arachnoid to be attached to the dura between the two spinal roots.

75
Q

Describe the arrangement of the structures of the vertebral canal from outside to inside.

A
  1. Epidural space
  2. Dura mater
  3. Subdural space
  4. Arachnoid mater
  5. Subarachnoid space with CSF
  6. Pia mater
  7. Spinal cord and cauda equina
76
Q

What is a lumbar puncture?

A

Passage of a needle into the subarachnoid space usually between L3 and L4

77
Q

What is the difference between the dermatome and the peripheral nerve?

A

The peripheral nerves derived from the plexus contain fibers from multiple spinal nerves. Although segmental nerves merge and lose their identity when plexus formation results in multisegmental peripheral nerves, the segmental (dermatomal) pattern of nerve fiber distribution remains.

78
Q

Identify the following:

  • Vertebra
    1. Body
    2. Pedicle
    3. Lamina
    4. Transverse Process
    5. Superior and inferior articular processes
    6. Transverse foramen (cervical vetebrae)
    7. C1 cervical vetebra (Atlas)
    8. Posterior arch of Atlas
    9. C2 cervical vertebra (Axis)
    10. Dens of Axis (odontoid process, body of Atlas)
  • Muscles
    11. Obliquus capitis inferior
    12. Obliquus capitis superior
    13. Rectus capitis posterior major
    14. Rectus capitis posterior minor
  • Nerves
    15. Greater occipital nerve (dorsal ramus C2 - sensory only)
    16. Suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus C1 - motor only)
    17. Dorsal root ganglia
    18. Ventral root of spinal nerve
  • Vessels
    19. Vertebral artery (above the posterior arch of C)
    20. Occipital artery
  • Other
    21. Ligamentum flavum
    22. Anterior longitudinal ligament
    23. Posterior longitudinal ligament
    24. Dura mater
    25. Spinal cord
    26. Cauda equina
    27. Filum terminale
    28. Conus medullaris
A

Refer to Powerpoint

SHB (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions