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SHB > 10.12.16 Superficial Face > Flashcards

10.12.16 Superficial Face Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones form the skull?

A

22

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2
Q

What are the two categories of bones of the skull?

A

Neurocranium (cranial vault) and viscerocranium (face)

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3
Q

What bones make up the neurocranium?

A

Parietal (2), temporal (2), frontal (1), occipital (1), sphenoid (1), ethmoid (1)

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4
Q

What bones make up the viscerocranium?

A

Mandible (1), maxilla (2), palantine (2), zygomatic (2), lacrimal (2), vomer (1), nasal (2), inferior nasal concha (2)

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5
Q

The numerous muscles of facial expression originate from bones of the ___ and insert onto the ___ of the face.

A

Facial skeleton; skin

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6
Q

All the muscles of facial expression develop from an embryological structure known as the ___ and migrate into the superficial face.

A

2nd branchial arch

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7
Q

What innervates the muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

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8
Q

Muscles of facial expression act together in groups. Why?

A

Their fibers interlace

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9
Q

Many of the muscles of facial expression insert together at a central point at the corner of the mouth known as the ___.

A

Modiolus

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10
Q

What is the origin of orbicularis oculi?

A

Medial orbital margin (bone around the orbit), palpebral ligament, lacrimal bone

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11
Q

What is the insertion of orbicularis oculi?

A

Skin around orbit, palpebral ligament, upper and lower eyelids

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12
Q

What innervates orbicularis oculi?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

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13
Q

What supplies orbicularis oculi?

A

Facial artery and superficial temporal artery

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14
Q

What is the function of orbicularis oculi?

A

Closes eyelids

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15
Q

What is the origin of orbicularis oris?

A

Maxilla above incisor teeth

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16
Q

What is the insertion of orbicularis oris?

A

Skin around lips

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17
Q

What innervates orbicularis oris?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII) - zygomatic, buccal, and mandibular branches

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18
Q

What supplies orbicularis oris?

A

Facial artery (inferior and superior labial branches)

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19
Q

What is the function of orbicularis oris?

A

Compression, contraction, and protrusion of lips

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20
Q

What are the three parts of obicularis oculi?

A
  1. Orbital portion
  2. Palpebral portion
  3. Lacrimal portion
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21
Q

What is the function of the orbital portion of obicularis oculi?

A

Close the eye tightly

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22
Q

What is the function of the palpebral portion of obicularis oculi?

A

Close the eye lightly (blinking)

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23
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal portion of obicularis oculi?

A

If present, helps moisten the eye and drain tears

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24
Q

What is the kissing muscle?

A

Obicularis oris

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25
Q

What is the origin of zygomaticus major?

A

Zygomatic arch

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26
Q

What is the insertion of zygomaticus major?

A

Angle of mouth (modiolus)

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27
Q

What innervates zygomaticus major?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII) - zygomatic and buccal branches

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28
Q

What supplies zygomaticus major?

A

Facial artery (superior labial branch)

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29
Q

What is the function of zygomaticus major?

A

Draws angle of mouth backward and upward (smile)

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30
Q

What is the origin of buccinator?

A

Posterior portion of alveolar process of maxilla and mandible, opposite sockets of molar teeth, anterior border of pterygomandibular raphe

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31
Q

What is the insertion of buccinator?

A

Angle of mouth (modiolus) and orbicularis oris

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32
Q

What innervates buccinator?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII) - buccal branches

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33
Q

What supplies buccinator?

A

Facial artery (muscular branches) and maxillary artery (buccal branch)

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34
Q

What is the function of buccinator?

A

Compresses cheeks, expels air between lips, aids in mastication

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35
Q

What is the origin of occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)?

A

Epicranial aponeurosis at level of coronal suture

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36
Q

What is the insertion of occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)?

A

Skin of frontal region, epicranial aponeurosis

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37
Q

What innervates occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII) - temporal branches

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38
Q

What supplies occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)?

A

Superficial temporal artery (frontal branch)

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39
Q

What is the function of occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)?

A

Wrinkles forehead skin, raises eyebrows

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40
Q

What is the origin of occipital belly of epicranius?

A

Lateral 2/3 of superior nuchal line and mastoid process

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41
Q

What is the insertion of occipital belly of epicranius?

A

Skin of occipital region, epicranial aponeurosis

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42
Q

What innervates occipital belly of epicranius?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII) - posterior auricular branches

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43
Q

What supplies occipital belly of epicranius?

A

Posterior auricular artery (occipital branch) occipital artery (descending branch)

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44
Q

What is the function of occipital belly of epicranius?

A

Moves scalp backward

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45
Q

What provides sensory innervation of the face?

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

46
Q

Describe the path of the facial nerve (CN VII)

A

Exits skull via the stylomastoid foramen, pierces the parotid gland, and divides into 5 major branches as it passes through the parotid gland

47
Q

What are the 5 major branches of the facial nerve (CN VII) from superior to inferior?

A
  1. Temporal
  2. Zygomatic
  3. Buccal
  4. Marginal/Mandibular
  5. Cervical

To Zanzabar By Motor Car

48
Q

What is Bell’s Palsy?

A

Disruption/damage/impingement of the facial nerve that results in paralysis of the muscles of facial expression

49
Q

Just as it exits the sytlomastoid foramen, the facial nerve sends a motor branch to which muscles?

A
  1. Posterior belly of the digastric
  2. Stylohyoid
  3. Platysma
50
Q

In Bell’s Palsy, what is the most common part of the nerve affected?

A

The part near the stylomastoid foramen

51
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Bell’s Palsy?

A

Unable to close lips and eyelids on affected side, unlubricated eye on affected side, cannot whistle or blow, channot chew effectively, drool

52
Q

How many divisions of the trigeminal nerve are there?

A

3

53
Q

Each of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve helps to supply the face with ___ innervation.

A

Sensory

54
Q

What are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  1. Ophthalmic division (CN V1)
  2. Maxillary division (CN V2)
  3. Mandibular division (CN V3)
55
Q

Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve are purely sensory and which are both sensory and motor?

A

Purely sensor: ophthalmic and maxillary

Sensory and motor: mandibular

56
Q

The ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve passes through the ___ and exits the skull by way of the ___.

A

Cavernous sinus; superior orbital fissure

57
Q

What are the terminal branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (lateral to medial)?

A
  1. Lacrimal - structures superior to the lateral canthus of the eye
  2. Supraorbital - superior to the orbit
  3. Supratrochlear - superior to the medial canthus of the eye
  4. Infratrochlear - region of the medial canthus
  5. External nasal - anterior and lateral aspect of the external nose

LaSSIE

58
Q

The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve passes through the ___ and leaves the skull via the ___.

A

Cavernous sinus; foramen rotundum

59
Q

What are the principle branches of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  1. Zygomaticotemporal - lateral and superior to orbit
  2. Zygomaticofacial - lateral and inferior to orbit
  3. Infraorbital - large nerve inferior to orbit
  4. Alveolar nerves (posterior superior, middle superior, anterior superior)
60
Q

The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve leaves the skull through the ___ to enter the ___.

A

Foramen ovale; infratemporal fossa

61
Q

What are the divisions of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Posterior (sensory)

  1. Auriculotemporal - anterior to ear and superiorly into temporal region
  2. Lingual - oral cavity
  3. Inferior alveolar/mental - teeth and lower lip

Anterior (motor)
1. Buccal - sensory to cheek and oral mucosa

62
Q

What is a large, superficially located salivary gland?

A

Parotid gland

63
Q

The parotid salivary gland secretes ___ via the parotid duct, also known as ___.

A

Serous fluid; Stenson’s duct

64
Q

The parotid duct pierces the ___ muscle and enters the oral cavity adjacent to the upper ___ molar.

A

Buccinator; second

65
Q

What innervates the parotid gland?

A

Parasympathetic fibers from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

66
Q

Describe the path of the parasympathetic fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).

A

Travels in the Lesser petrosal nerve and synapses in the Otic ganglion; the parasymapthetic fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve then travel in the Auriculotemporal nerve and innervate the Parotid gland as they pass through it.

GLOAP

67
Q

The ramus of the mandible is ___ to the parotid gland and the mastoid process and external ear are ___ to the gland.

A

Anterior; posterior

68
Q

The parotid gland is covered by a dense ___.

A

CT capsule

69
Q

Describe the course of the parotid duct.

A

Passes across masseter, turns medially at the anterior border of masseter, pierces buccinator, ends at the tip of the parotid papilla, located in mucosa adjacent to the second upper molar

70
Q

What structures travel with portions of the parotid gland?

A

Branches of facial nerve (CN VII), retromandibular vein, terminal branches of the external carotid artery

71
Q

What are the primary arteries that supply the face?

A

Superficial temporal artery and facial artery

72
Q

The superficial temporal and facial arteries are both branches of the ___.

A

External carotid artery

73
Q

The areas above the orbits are supplied by what two arteries?

A

Supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries

74
Q

The supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries are branches of the ___, which originates from the ___.

A

Ophthalmic artery; internal carotid artery

75
Q

Describe the path of the superficial temporal artery.

A
  1. Begins deep within the parotid posterior to the neck of the mandible
  2. Ascends superficial to the posterior portion of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
  3. Ends in the scalp by dividing into frontal and parietal branches
76
Q

The superficial temporal artery gives off what artery?

A

Transverse facial artery

77
Q

The transverse facial artery runs in close proximity to what two things?

A

Parotid duct and zygomatic branch of facial nerve

78
Q

What is the chief artery of the face?

A

Facial artery

79
Q

Describe the path of the facial artery.

A

Runs deep to the submandibular gland, wraps around the inferior border of the mandible at the anterior edge of the masseter muscle, enters face from its inferior boundary, courses over the face to the medial angle of the eye, runs deep to majority of facial expression muscles

80
Q

What are the principle branches of the facial artery?

A
  1. Inferior labial artery (to the lower lip)
  2. Superior labial artery (to the upper lip)
  3. Angular artery (continuation of facial artery)
81
Q

The external carotid artery system anastamoses with the ___.

A

Internal carotid artery system

82
Q

The angular artery anastamoses with the external branches of the ___ artery.

A

Ophthalmic

83
Q

What is the largest and most important vein draining the face?

A

Facial vein

84
Q

Describe the path of the facial vein.

A

Closely follows the facial vein (although it is superficial to the submandibular gland) courses obliquely downward, crosses over the margin of the body of the mandible

85
Q

The ___ vein helps to drain the lateral aspect of the face.

A

Superficial temporal

86
Q

What forms the retromandibular vein?

A

Union of the maxillary and superficial temporal veins

87
Q

What forms the common facial vein?

A

Union of the retromandibular (anterior division) and facial vein

88
Q

What drains to the pterygoid plexus and/or cavernous sinus?

A

Ophthalmic and deep facial veins

89
Q

Why is the upper face known as the danger triangle?

A

If an infection occurs here, bacteria may be able to migrate from this region via the deep facial vein into the cranium. A superficial infection can then spread by its interconnections to the pterygoid plexus and into the cavernous sinus, thus reaching the brain. This can cause meningitis or encephalitis.

90
Q

There are no ___ in the scalp.

A

Lymph nodes

91
Q

The superficial lymph nodes form a ___.

A

Superficial cervical lymphatic collar

92
Q

In the scalp, where are the superficial veins found?

A

In the subcutaneous layer

93
Q

In the scalp, what do the emissary veins do?

A

Connect the veins of the loose connective tissue layer to the dural venous sinuses

94
Q

What do diploic veins do?

A

Supply the bones of the cranium

95
Q

What provides the major blood supply to the scalp and what are the primary branches?

A

ECA; Occipital, posterior auricular, and superficial temporal arteries, small contribution from supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries

96
Q

What nerves supply the scalp?

A
  1. Ophthalmic nerve (supratrochlear, supraorbital)
  2. Maxillary nerve (Zygomatico-temporal)
  3. Mandibular nerve (Auriculotemporal)
  4. Cervical plexus (lesser and greater occipital)
97
Q

What are the anterior, posterior, and lateral boundaries of the scalp?

A
  1. Supraorbital ridge
  2. Superior nuchal line
  3. Zygomatic arch
98
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Aponeurotic layer
  4. Loose connective tissue layer
  5. Periostium

SCALP

99
Q

What part of the scalp contains hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands?

A

Skin

100
Q

What part of the scalp contains arteries, veins, and nerves of the scalp?

A

Connective tissue

101
Q

What makes up the aponeurotic layer?

A

Epicranius muscle (occipitofrontalis) and galea aponeurotica (epicranial aponeurosis)

102
Q

What part of the scalp contains the emissary veins?

A

Loose connective tissue layer

103
Q

What is the periostium?

A

Fibrous tissue that closely adheres to the bones of the skull

104
Q

How does a black eye occur?

A

Blood collects in the layer of loose connective tissue and continues into the region of the eyelids pool, where it accumulates in the eyelids.

105
Q

What is another name for a black eye?

A

Periorbital ecchymosis

106
Q

What creates a “hemet”?

A

The galea aponeurotica, frontalis, and occipitalis

107
Q

What leads to the development of a small swelling called a “wen”?

A

Clogged sebaceous gland ducts

108
Q

Why does a laceration to the scalp usually bleed profusely?

A

The blood vessels are “held open” by the second layer of the dense connective tissue.

109
Q

What two muscles for the epicranius muscle?

A

Fronatlis and occipitalis

110
Q

Can scalp infection pass to the neck? Why or why not?

A

No - the helmet protects the neck

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