10.12.16 Superficial Face Flashcards
1
Q
How many bones form the skull?
A
22
2
Q
What are the two categories of bones of the skull?
A
Neurocranium (cranial vault) and viscerocranium (face)
3
Q
What bones make up the neurocranium?
A
Parietal (2), temporal (2), frontal (1), occipital (1), sphenoid (1), ethmoid (1)
4
Q
What bones make up the viscerocranium?
A
Mandible (1), maxilla (2), palantine (2), zygomatic (2), lacrimal (2), vomer (1), nasal (2), inferior nasal concha (2)
5
Q
The numerous muscles of facial expression originate from bones of the ___ and insert onto the ___ of the face.
A
Facial skeleton; skin
6
Q
All the muscles of facial expression develop from an embryological structure known as the ___ and migrate into the superficial face.
A
2nd branchial arch
7
Q
What innervates the muscles of facial expression?
A
Facial nerve (CN VII)
8
Q
Muscles of facial expression act together in groups. Why?
A
Their fibers interlace
9
Q
Many of the muscles of facial expression insert together at a central point at the corner of the mouth known as the ___.
A
Modiolus
10
Q
What is the origin of orbicularis oculi?
A
Medial orbital margin (bone around the orbit), palpebral ligament, lacrimal bone
11
Q
What is the insertion of orbicularis oculi?
A
Skin around orbit, palpebral ligament, upper and lower eyelids
12
Q
What innervates orbicularis oculi?
A
Facial nerve (CN VII)
13
Q
What supplies orbicularis oculi?
A
Facial artery and superficial temporal artery
14
Q
What is the function of orbicularis oculi?
A
Closes eyelids
15
Q
What is the origin of orbicularis oris?
A
Maxilla above incisor teeth
16
Q
What is the insertion of orbicularis oris?
A
Skin around lips
17
Q
What innervates orbicularis oris?
A
Facial nerve (CN VII) - zygomatic, buccal, and mandibular branches
18
Q
What supplies orbicularis oris?
A
Facial artery (inferior and superior labial branches)
19
Q
What is the function of orbicularis oris?
A
Compression, contraction, and protrusion of lips
20
Q
What are the three parts of obicularis oculi?
A
- Orbital portion
- Palpebral portion
- Lacrimal portion
21
Q
What is the function of the orbital portion of obicularis oculi?
A
Close the eye tightly
22
Q
What is the function of the palpebral portion of obicularis oculi?
A
Close the eye lightly (blinking)
23
Q
What is the function of the lacrimal portion of obicularis oculi?
A
If present, helps moisten the eye and drain tears
24
Q
What is the kissing muscle?
A
Obicularis oris
25
What is the origin of zygomaticus major?
Zygomatic arch
26
What is the insertion of zygomaticus major?
Angle of mouth (modiolus)
27
What innervates zygomaticus major?
Facial nerve (CN VII) - zygomatic and buccal branches
28
What supplies zygomaticus major?
Facial artery (superior labial branch)
29
What is the function of zygomaticus major?
Draws angle of mouth backward and upward (smile)
30
What is the origin of buccinator?
Posterior portion of alveolar process of maxilla and mandible, opposite sockets of molar teeth, anterior border of pterygomandibular raphe
31
What is the insertion of buccinator?
Angle of mouth (modiolus) and orbicularis oris
32
What innervates buccinator?
Facial nerve (CN VII) - buccal branches
33
What supplies buccinator?
Facial artery (muscular branches) and maxillary artery (buccal branch)
34
What is the function of buccinator?
Compresses cheeks, expels air between lips, aids in mastication
35
What is the origin of occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)?
Epicranial aponeurosis at level of coronal suture
36
What is the insertion of occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)?
Skin of frontal region, epicranial aponeurosis
37
What innervates occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)?
Facial nerve (CN VII) - temporal branches
38
What supplies occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)?
Superficial temporal artery (frontal branch)
39
What is the function of occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)?
Wrinkles forehead skin, raises eyebrows
40
What is the origin of occipital belly of epicranius?
Lateral 2/3 of superior nuchal line and mastoid process
41
What is the insertion of occipital belly of epicranius?
Skin of occipital region, epicranial aponeurosis
42
What innervates occipital belly of epicranius?
Facial nerve (CN VII) - posterior auricular branches
43
What supplies occipital belly of epicranius?
Posterior auricular artery (occipital branch) occipital artery (descending branch)
44
What is the function of occipital belly of epicranius?
Moves scalp backward
45
What provides sensory innervation of the face?
Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
46
Describe the path of the facial nerve (CN VII)
Exits skull via the stylomastoid foramen, pierces the parotid gland, and divides into 5 major branches as it passes through the parotid gland
47
What are the 5 major branches of the facial nerve (CN VII) from superior to inferior?
1. Temporal
2. Zygomatic
3. Buccal
4. Marginal/Mandibular
5. Cervical
To Zanzabar By Motor Car
48
What is Bell's Palsy?
Disruption/damage/impingement of the facial nerve that results in paralysis of the muscles of facial expression
49
Just as it exits the sytlomastoid foramen, the facial nerve sends a motor branch to which muscles?
1. Posterior belly of the digastric
2. Stylohyoid
3. Platysma
50
In Bell's Palsy, what is the most common part of the nerve affected?
The part near the stylomastoid foramen
51
What are the clinical manifestations of Bell's Palsy?
Unable to close lips and eyelids on affected side, unlubricated eye on affected side, cannot whistle or blow, channot chew effectively, drool
52
How many divisions of the trigeminal nerve are there?
3
53
Each of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve helps to supply the face with ___ innervation.
Sensory
54
What are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve?
1. Ophthalmic division (CN V1)
2. Maxillary division (CN V2)
3. Mandibular division (CN V3)
55
Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve are purely sensory and which are both sensory and motor?
Purely sensor: ophthalmic and maxillary
| Sensory and motor: mandibular
56
The ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve passes through the ___ and exits the skull by way of the ___.
Cavernous sinus; superior orbital fissure
57
What are the terminal branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (lateral to medial)?
1. Lacrimal - structures superior to the lateral canthus of the eye
2. Supraorbital - superior to the orbit
3. Supratrochlear - superior to the medial canthus of the eye
4. Infratrochlear - region of the medial canthus
5. External nasal - anterior and lateral aspect of the external nose
LaSSIE
58
The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve passes through the ___ and leaves the skull via the ___.
Cavernous sinus; foramen rotundum
59
What are the principle branches of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve?
1. Zygomaticotemporal - lateral and superior to orbit
2. Zygomaticofacial - lateral and inferior to orbit
3. Infraorbital - large nerve inferior to orbit
4. Alveolar nerves (posterior superior, middle superior, anterior superior)
60
The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve leaves the skull through the ___ to enter the ___.
Foramen ovale; infratemporal fossa
61
What are the divisions of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?
Posterior (sensory)
1. Auriculotemporal - anterior to ear and superiorly into temporal region
2. Lingual - oral cavity
3. Inferior alveolar/mental - teeth and lower lip
Anterior (motor)
1. Buccal - sensory to cheek and oral mucosa
62
What is a large, superficially located salivary gland?
Parotid gland
63
The parotid salivary gland secretes ___ via the parotid duct, also known as ___.
Serous fluid; Stenson's duct
64
The parotid duct pierces the ___ muscle and enters the oral cavity adjacent to the upper ___ molar.
Buccinator; second
65
What innervates the parotid gland?
Parasympathetic fibers from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
66
Describe the path of the parasympathetic fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).
Travels in the Lesser petrosal nerve and synapses in the Otic ganglion; the parasymapthetic fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve then travel in the Auriculotemporal nerve and innervate the Parotid gland as they pass through it.
GLOAP
67
The ramus of the mandible is ___ to the parotid gland and the mastoid process and external ear are ___ to the gland.
Anterior; posterior
68
The parotid gland is covered by a dense ___.
CT capsule
69
Describe the course of the parotid duct.
Passes across masseter, turns medially at the anterior border of masseter, pierces buccinator, ends at the tip of the parotid papilla, located in mucosa adjacent to the second upper molar
70
What structures travel with portions of the parotid gland?
Branches of facial nerve (CN VII), retromandibular vein, terminal branches of the external carotid artery
71
What are the primary arteries that supply the face?
Superficial temporal artery and facial artery
72
The superficial temporal and facial arteries are both branches of the ___.
External carotid artery
73
The areas above the orbits are supplied by what two arteries?
Supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries
74
The supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries are branches of the ___, which originates from the ___.
Ophthalmic artery; internal carotid artery
75
Describe the path of the superficial temporal artery.
1. Begins deep within the parotid posterior to the neck of the mandible
2. Ascends superficial to the posterior portion of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
3. Ends in the scalp by dividing into frontal and parietal branches
76
The superficial temporal artery gives off what artery?
Transverse facial artery
77
The transverse facial artery runs in close proximity to what two things?
Parotid duct and zygomatic branch of facial nerve
78
What is the chief artery of the face?
Facial artery
79
Describe the path of the facial artery.
Runs deep to the submandibular gland, wraps around the inferior border of the mandible at the anterior edge of the masseter muscle, enters face from its inferior boundary, courses over the face to the medial angle of the eye, runs deep to majority of facial expression muscles
80
What are the principle branches of the facial artery?
1. Inferior labial artery (to the lower lip)
2. Superior labial artery (to the upper lip)
3. Angular artery (continuation of facial artery)
81
The external carotid artery system anastamoses with the ___.
Internal carotid artery system
82
The angular artery anastamoses with the external branches of the ___ artery.
Ophthalmic
83
What is the largest and most important vein draining the face?
Facial vein
84
Describe the path of the facial vein.
Closely follows the facial vein (although it is superficial to the submandibular gland) courses obliquely downward, crosses over the margin of the body of the mandible
85
The ___ vein helps to drain the lateral aspect of the face.
Superficial temporal
86
What forms the retromandibular vein?
Union of the maxillary and superficial temporal veins
87
What forms the common facial vein?
Union of the retromandibular (anterior division) and facial vein
88
What drains to the pterygoid plexus and/or cavernous sinus?
Ophthalmic and deep facial veins
89
Why is the upper face known as the danger triangle?
If an infection occurs here, bacteria may be able to migrate from this region via the deep facial vein into the cranium. A superficial infection can then spread by its interconnections to the pterygoid plexus and into the cavernous sinus, thus reaching the brain. This can cause meningitis or encephalitis.
90
There are no ___ in the scalp.
Lymph nodes
91
The superficial lymph nodes form a ___.
Superficial cervical lymphatic collar
92
In the scalp, where are the superficial veins found?
In the subcutaneous layer
93
In the scalp, what do the emissary veins do?
Connect the veins of the loose connective tissue layer to the dural venous sinuses
94
What do diploic veins do?
Supply the bones of the cranium
95
What provides the major blood supply to the scalp and what are the primary branches?
ECA; Occipital, posterior auricular, and superficial temporal arteries, small contribution from supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries
96
What nerves supply the scalp?
1. Ophthalmic nerve (supratrochlear, supraorbital)
2. Maxillary nerve (Zygomatico-temporal)
3. Mandibular nerve (Auriculotemporal)
4. Cervical plexus (lesser and greater occipital)
97
What are the anterior, posterior, and lateral boundaries of the scalp?
1. Supraorbital ridge
2. Superior nuchal line
3. Zygomatic arch
98
What are the layers of the scalp?
1. Skin
2. Connective tissue
3. Aponeurotic layer
4. Loose connective tissue layer
5. Periostium
SCALP
99
What part of the scalp contains hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands?
Skin
100
What part of the scalp contains arteries, veins, and nerves of the scalp?
Connective tissue
101
What makes up the aponeurotic layer?
Epicranius muscle (occipitofrontalis) and galea aponeurotica (epicranial aponeurosis)
102
What part of the scalp contains the emissary veins?
Loose connective tissue layer
103
What is the periostium?
Fibrous tissue that closely adheres to the bones of the skull
104
How does a black eye occur?
Blood collects in the layer of loose connective tissue and continues into the region of the eyelids pool, where it accumulates in the eyelids.
105
What is another name for a black eye?
Periorbital ecchymosis
106
What creates a "hemet"?
The galea aponeurotica, frontalis, and occipitalis
107
What leads to the development of a small swelling called a "wen"?
Clogged sebaceous gland ducts
108
Why does a laceration to the scalp usually bleed profusely?
The blood vessels are "held open" by the second layer of the dense connective tissue.
109
What two muscles for the epicranius muscle?
Fronatlis and occipitalis
110
Can scalp infection pass to the neck? Why or why not?
No - the helmet protects the neck
