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SHB > Embryology III > Flashcards

Embryology III Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three parts of the gut tube?

A
  1. Foregut
  2. Midgut
  3. Hindgut
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2
Q

What are the parts of the foregut?

A

Esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder/bile ducts, pancreas, spleen, upper duodenum

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3
Q

What are the parts of the midgut?

A

Lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

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4
Q

What are the parts of the hindgut?

A

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper anal canal

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5
Q

What is recanalization?

A

Perforation of the gut tube

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6
Q

What is stenosis?

A

A congenital malformation in which partial canalization occurs

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7
Q

What is atresa? How does it present?

A

A congenital malformation in which no canalization occurs; cannot pass waste, presents with vomiting

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8
Q

Which mesentery is found only in the foregut?

A

Ventral mesentery

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9
Q

What are the two parts of the ventral mesentery?

A
  1. Falciform ligament

2. Lesser omentum

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10
Q

Describe the dorsal mesentery.

A

Forms the posterior wall of the gut tube, spans the entire length of the gut

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11
Q

The left umbilical vein (there is only one umbilical vein) uses the ___ as a door to the liver. Later, this becomes obliterated to form ___.

A

Lower free edge of the falciform ligament; ligamentum teres (round ligament of liver)

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12
Q

Describe the rotation of the stomach.

A

Stomach moves 90 degrees to the right (clockwise) on the longitudinal axis

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13
Q

Describe the rotation of the midgut; how does this occur?

A

Midgut moves 270 degrees to the left (counterclockwise) using the SMA as an axis; physiological herniation

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14
Q

When does physiological herniation occur?

A

Between weeks 6-10

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15
Q

What is omphalocele?

A

Persistence of physiological herniation of abdominal contents into the umbilical cord (failure of return of intestine to abdominal cavity)

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16
Q

The liver, gallbladder, and biliary duct system arise as a ventral outgrowth known as the ___ from the distal part of the foregut early in the fourth week.

A

Hepatic diverticulum

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17
Q

What does the ventral pancreatic bud become?

A

Uncinate process, part of head and main pancreatic duct

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18
Q

What does the dorsal pancreatic bud become?

A

Remaining pancreas

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19
Q

What normally happens to the pancreatic buds?

A

They fuse.

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20
Q

What is an annular pancreas? How does this present?

A

A congenital abnormality in which the pancreatic buds form a ring causing duodenal obstruction due to incomplete fusion; vomiting with bile

21
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

Expanded terminal part of the hind gut

22
Q

What divides the cloaca?

A

Urorectal septum

23
Q

What are the two parts of the cloaca?

A

Urogenital sinus and anal canal

24
Q

What does the urogenital sinus become?

A

Urinary bladder

25
Q

What is the pectinate line?

A

Where endoderm of hind gut meets ectoderm; rupture of the cloacal (anal) membrane

26
Q

What is found above the pectinate line?

A
  1. Portal system (superior rectal vessels from IMA)

2. GVA innervation (painless)

27
Q

What is found below the pectinate line?

A
  1. Caval system (inferior rectal vessels from internal pudendal)
  2. GSA innervation (painful)
28
Q

What is congenital megacolon (Hirschprung’s)?

A

Failure to pass meconium in a full term baby due to failure of neural crest cell migration, leading to obstruction and colonic dilation (no peristalsis)

29
Q

What are the 3 vessels and 2 ducts of the umbilical cord (connecting stalk)?

A

1-2. Umbilical arteries

  1. Left umbilical vein
  2. Allantois
  3. Vitelline duct
30
Q

What is the fibrous element of allantois?

A

Urachus

31
Q

What does the obliterated urachus form?

A

MediaN umbilical ligament

32
Q

What does the obliterated umbilical artery form?

A

Medial umbilical ligament

33
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum?

A

Remnant of the vitelline (omphaloenteric duct)

34
Q

What is the rule of 2’s for Meckel’s diverticulum?

A
  • 2” long
  • 2’ from IC valve
  • 2% of population
  • 2% are symptomatic
  • 2 types of ectopic tissue
  • 2 years of age at clinical presentation
  • 2x more common in males
35
Q

The intermediate mesoderm gives what two organs?

A
  1. Kidney

2. Gonads

36
Q

What are the two parts of the mesonephros?

A
  1. Mesonephric tubules

2. Mesonephric ducts

37
Q

What do the mesonephric tubules become?

A

Excretory organs - vas, epididymis, ejaculatory ducts in males

38
Q

What do the mesonephric ducts become?

A

Uteric bud and trigone

39
Q

What does the metanephros become?

A

Permanent kidney

40
Q

The metanephros forms from 2 sources - what are they?

A
  1. Ureteric bud

2. Metanephrogenic blastema

41
Q

What does the uretric bud form?

A

Ureter, renal pelvis, calices, collecting tubules

42
Q

What does the metanephrogenic blastema form?

A

Nephrons

43
Q

As the bladder enlarges, distal parts of the mesonephric ducts are incorporated into its dorsal wall - what does this form?

A

Trigone of the bladder

44
Q

The bladder is all derived from ___ except for the ___ which is derived from the mesoderm.

A

Endoderm; trigone

45
Q

The trigone is a triangular shaped area connecting the opening of ___ and the ___.

A

2 ureters; urethra

46
Q

Two movements occur - the kidneys ___, the gonads ___.

A

Ascend; descend

47
Q

What is a pelvic kidney?

A

Kidney stays in pelvis

48
Q

What is a horse shoe kidney?

A

Lower poles of two kidneys unite, usually stops at the origin of IMA.

SHB (36 decks)

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