10.12.16 Anterior Neck Flashcards
1
Q
What are three synonyms for “neck”?
A
Cervix, collum, nucha
2
Q
What landmark of the neck serves as a pressure point to decrease bleeding of the upper extremity?
A
Supraclavicular fossa
3
Q
What is the unpaired bone that lies superior to the laryngeal prominence?
A
Hyoid bone
4
Q
What are the three components of the hyoid bone?
A
Body, greater horns, lesser horns
5
Q
What are the two types of cartilage attached to the hyoid bone?
A
Thyroid and cricoid cartilage
6
Q
What does the thyroid cartilage consist of and where is it located?
A
Laminae, superior horn, inferior horn; located inferior to the hyoid bone and superior to the cricoid cartilage
7
Q
What does the cricoid cartilage consist of and where is it located?
A
Lamina (which faces posteriorly) and arch (anterior ring which lies between the thyroid cartilage and the first tracheal “ring”)
8
Q
What are the fascial layers of the neck?
A
- Investing layer of dense connective tissue
- Infrahyoid fascia
- Pretrachial fascia
- Carotid sheath
- Prevertebral (deep cervical) fascia
9
Q
What fascial layer of the neck is a sleeve binding all structures in the neck?
A
Investing layer of dense connective tissue
10
Q
What fascial layer of the neck surrounds sternocleidomastoid and trapezius?
A
Investing layer of dense connective tissue
11
Q
What fascial layer of the neck covers the suprahyoid and infrahyoid (strap) muscle?
A
Infrahyoid fascia
12
Q
What fascial layer of the neck covers the thyroid and parathyroid glands, the trachea, and the esophagus?
A
Pretracheal fascia
13
Q
What fascial layer of the neck encloses the carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve?
A
Carotid sheath
14
Q
What fascial layer of the neck covers the vertebral musculature?
A
Prevertebral (deep cervical) fascia
15
Q
What are the layers of the neck, beginning with the skin?
A
- Skin
- Superficial fascia
- Platysma muscle
- Investing layer of dense connective tissue
- Infrahyoid fascia
- Pretracheal fascia
- Carotid sheath
- Prevertebral (deep cervical) fascia
16
Q
What are the three superficial muscles of the neck?
A
- Platysma
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Trapezius
17
Q
What is the origin of platysma?
A
Skin below clavicle, upper thorax
18
Q
What is the insertion of platysma?
A
Mandible, oral muscles
19
Q
What innervates platysma?
A
Facial nerve (CN VII)
20
Q
What supplies platysma?
A
Submental artery, suprascapular artery
21
Q
What is the function of platysma?
A
Tenses skin of neck
22
Q
What is the origin of sternocleidomastoid?
A
Sternal head: anterior surface of the manubrium
Clavicular head: superior surface of medial 1/3 of clavicle
23
Q
What is the insertion of sternocleidomastoid?
A
Lateral surface of mastoid process; lateral half of superior nuchal line of occipital bone
24
Q
What innervates sternocleidomastoid?
A
Accessory nerve (CN XI)
25
What is the function of sternocleidomastoid?
Bilaterally: flex neck, raise thorax
Unilaterally: rotate face toward opposite side
26
What is the origin of trapezius?
Superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T12
27
What is the insertion of trapezius?
Lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
28
What innervates trapezius?
Accessory nerve (CN XI)
29
What supplies trapezius?
Transverse cervical artery, posterior intercostal arteries (dorsal perforating branches)
30
What is the function of trapezius?
Elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates scapula
31
What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck (anterior, posterior, superior, apex, roof, floor)?
Anterior: anterior median line
Posterior: sternocleidomastoid
Superior: inferior border of the mandible
Apex: jugular notch
Roof: subcutaneous fascia and platysma
Floor: pharynx, larynx, and thyroid gland covered by pretracheal fascia
32
The anterior and posterior bellies of ___, along with the superior belly of ___ further divide the anterior triangle into several smaller triangles.
Digastric; omohyoid
33
What are the four triangles of the anterior triangle?
1. Submandibular
2. Submental
3. Carotid
4. Muscular
34
What are the borders of the submandibular triangle (anteroinferior, posteroinferior, superior)?
Anteroinferior: anterior belly of the digastric
Posteroinferior: posterior belly of the digastric
Superior: inferior border of mandible
35
What is the only unpaired triangle?
Submental triangle
36
What are the borders of the submental triangle (left and right borders, inferior)?
Left and right borders: left and right anterior bellies of the digastric muscles
Inferior (base): hyoid bone
Floor: mylohyoid
37
What are the borders of the carotid triangle (anteroinferior, anterosuperior, posterior)?
Anteroinferior: superior belly of omohyoid
Anterosuperior: posterior belly of digastric
Posterior: sternocleidomastoid (anterior surface)
38
What are the borders of the muscular triangle?
Anterior: anterior median line
Posterosuperior: superior belly of omohyoid
Posteroinferior: sternocleidomastoid
39
What are the suprahyoid muscles?
1. Digastric
2. Geniohyoid
3. Mylohyoid
4. Stylohyoid
40
What is the origin of digastric?
Anterior belly: digastric fossa of mandible
| Posterior belly: mastoid notch of temporal bone
41
What is the insertion of digastric?
Intermediate tendon attached to body of hyoid
42
What innervates digastric?
Anterior belly: nerve to mylohyoid (CN V3)
| Posterior belly: facial nerve (CN VII)
43
What supplies digastric?
Anterior belly: submental artery (branches)
| Posterior belly: posterior auricular artery (muscular branches), occipital artery (muscular branches)
44
What is the function of digastric?
Raises hyoid bone and base of tongue, steadies hyoid bone, opens mouth by lowering mandible
45
The digastric has an ___ which is attached to the hyoid via a fascial ___. What does this do?
Intermediate tendon; sling; divides digastric into anterior and posterior bellies
46
What divides digastric into anterior and posterior bellies?
Intermediate tendon attached to the hyoid via a fascial sling
47
What is the origin of geniohyoid?
Inferior genial tubercle on back of symphysis of mandible
48
What is the insertion of geniohyoid?
Anterior surface of body of hyoid bone
49
What innervates geniohyoid?
Branch of C1, runs with hypoglassal nerve (CN XII)
50
What supplies geniohyoid?
Lingual artery (sublingual branch)
51
What is the function of geniohyoid?
Elevates hyoid bone and depresses mandible
52
What is the origin of mylohyoid?
Mylohyoid line of mandible
53
What is the insertion of mylohyoid?
Median raphe and body of hyoid bone
54
What innervates mylohyoid?
Nerve to mylohyoid (CN V3, branch of trigeminal nerve)
55
What supplies mylohyoid?
Lingual artery (sublingual branch), facial artery (submental branch)
56
What is the function of mylohyoid?
Elevates hyoid bone, base of tongue, floor of mouth; depresses mandible
57
What forms the floor of the oral cavity?
Mylohyoid
58
What is the origin of stylohyoid?
Posterior border of styloid process
59
What is the insertion of stylohyoid?
Body of hyoid bone at junction with greater horn
60
What innervates stylohyoid?
Facial nerve (CN VII)
61
What supplies stylohyoid?
Facial artery (muscular branches), occipital artery (muscular branches)
62
What is the function of stylohyoid?
Elevates hyoid bone and base of tongue
63
What is deep to mylohyoid?
Geniohyoid
64
Before inserting onto the hyoid bone, ___ splits and wraps around the intermediate tendon of the digastric.
Stylohyoid
65
Generally, the suprahyoid muscles function to ___ the hyo-laryngeal complex during swallowing and vocalization. They also assist in depression of the ___.
Raise; mandible
66
What are the infrahyoid muscles?
1. Omohyoid
2. Sternohyoid
3. Sternothyroid
4. Thyrohyoid
67
The ___ also has an intermediate tendon which is held to the clavicle by a fibrous ___. What does this do?
Omohyoid; sling; divides the omohyoid into superior and inferior bellies
68
Generally, what do the infrahyoid muscles do?
Lower either the hyoid or thyroid cartilages or stabilize them during vocalization and jaw opening; thyrohyoid may also help raise the thyroid cartilage
69
What is the origin of omohyoid?
Inferior belly: from upper border of scapula and suprascapular ligament, ending in tendon under sternocleidomastoid
Superior belly: from this tendon
70
What is the insertion of omohyoid?
Inferior belly: to intermediate tendon
| Superior belly: to body of hyoid bone
71
What innervates omohyoid?
Ansa cervicalis (cervical plexus, C1-C3)
72
What supplies omohyoid?
Lingual artery (hyoid branch), superior thyroid artery (sternocleidomastoid branch)
73
What is the function of omohyoid?
Steadies hyoid bone and depresses hyoid
74
What is the origin of sternohyoid?
Posterior surface of manubrium sterni, posterior sternoclavicular ligament, medial end of clavicle
75
What is the insertion of sternohyoid?
Medial part of lower border of body of hyoid bone
76
What innervates sternohyoid?
Ansa cervicalis (cervical plexus, C1-C3)
77
What supplies sternohyoid?
Superior thyroid artery (sternocleidomastoid and hyoid branches), lingual artery (hyoid branch)
78
What is the function of sternohyoid?
Depresses larynx and hyoid bone, steadies hyoid bone
79
What is the origin of sternothyroid?
Posterior surface of manubrium sterni, posterior sternoclavicular ligament, medial end of clavicle
80
What is the insertion of sternothyroid?
Oblique line on lamina of thryoid cartilage
81
What innervate sternothyroid?
Ansa cervicalis (cervical plexus, C1-C3)
82
What supplies sternothyroid?
Superior thryoid artery (cricothyroid branch)
83
What is the function of sternothyroid?
Depresses larynx and thyroid cartilage
84
What is the origin of thyrohyoid?
Oblique line on lamina of thyroid cartilage
85
What is the insertion of thyrohyoid?
Lower border of body and greater horn of hyoid bone
86
What innervates thryohyoid?
C1 nerve (thyrohyoid branch via hypoglassal nerve - CN XII)
87
What supplies thyrohyoid?
Superior thyroid artery (hyoid branch)
88
What is the function of thyrohyoid?
Depresses larynx and hyoid bone, elevates thyroid cartilage
89
What is the origin of cricothyroid?
Anterior cricoid cartilage
90
What is the insertion of cricothyroid?
Inferior border of thryoid cartilage and its inferior horn
91
What innervates cricothyroid?
Superior laryngeal nerve (external branch)
92
What supplies cricothyroid?
Superior and inferior thyroid arteries
93
What is the function of cricothyroid?
Lengthens and tenses vocal ligaments
94
Which of the hyoid (strap) muscles is innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII)?
Posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid
95
Which of the hyoid (strap) muscles is innervated by the nerve to mylohyoid (CN V3)?
Anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid
96
Which of the hyoid (strap) muscles is innervated by ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)?
Sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid
97
Which of the hyoid (strap) muscles is innervated by C1 (traveling with the hypoglassal)?
Thyrohyoid and geniohyoid
98
How is the hyoid bone held in place?
Anchored by muscles from the anterior, posterior, and inferior directions
99
What are the three general functions of the hyoid bone?
Aiding in tongue movement, vocalization, and swallowing
100
During swallowing, the ___ muscles are relaxed and the ___ are contracted.
Infrahyoids; suprahyoids
101
During jaw opening (depression of mandible against resistance), the infrahyoids and suprahyoids are ___, stabilizing the hyoid bone.
Contracted
102
During vocalization, suprahyoids and infrahyoids alternate contractions and relaxation. What is this dependent upon?
The sounds you are making
103
What are the 8 contents of the submandibular triangle?
1. Submandibular gland
2. Submandibular lymph nodes
3. Mylohyoid nerve (CN V3)
4. Facial artery (and vein) with submental branch
5. Lingual artery
6. Submandibular duct
7. Lingual nerve (CN V3) and submandibular ganglion
8. Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
104
The facial vein passes ___ to the submandibular gland; the facial artery passes ___ to the submandibular gland.
Superficial; Deep/through
105
What are the contents of the submental triangle?
Lymph nodes and small veins that unite to form the anterior jugular vein
106
The carotid triangle contains the superior portion of the ___ artery, a large part of the ___ artery, and the ___ artery and many of its branches.
Common carotid; internal carotid; external carotid
107
What artery is responsible for supplying the neck and face (superficial and deep)?
External carotid artery
108
The aortic arch has three large branches - what are they?
1. Brachiocephalic trunk (divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery)
2. Left common carotid artery
3. Left subclavian artery
109
What are the branches of the brachiocephalic trunk?
Right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery
110
The common carotid artery divides into the internal and external carotid arteries at the level of the ___.
Hyoid bone
111
Each internal carotid artery ascends the neck (with no major branches) to enter the cranial cavity via the ___.
Carotid foramen
112
What does the internal carotid artery supply?
The orbit, pituitary gland, and a large part of each cerebral hemisphere
113
What does the external carotid artery supply?
Neck and face (superficial and deep)
114
What does the carotid triangle contain?
The superior portion of the common carotid artery, a large part of the internal carotid artery, and the external carotid artery and many of its branches.
115
What are the branches of the external carotid artery?
SALFORMS:
1. Superior thyroid artery
2. Ascending pharyngeal artery
3. Lingual artery
4. Facial artery
5. Occipital artery
6. Posterior Auricular artery
7. Superficial temporal artery
8. Maxillary artery
116
What does the superior thyroid artery supply?
Thryoid gland, infrahyoid region, larynx
117
What branches from the superior thyroid artery?
Superior laryngeal artery
118
The superior laryngeal artery pierces the ___ membrane with the internal laryngeal nerve.
Thryohyoid
119
What does the ascending pharyngeal artery supply?
Pharynx, prevertebral muscles, meninges (via jugular and hypoglossal canals), tympanic membrane, soft palate
120
What does the lingual artery supply?
Tongue, oral mucosa, suprahyoid region, sublingual gland, tonsils
121
The lingual artery runs deep to the ___ muscle.
Hypoglossus
122
What does the facial artery supply?
Submandibular gland, lips, nose, facial muscles, angle of the eye
123
The facial artery runs deep to the ___.
Submandibular gland
124
What does the occipital artery supply?
Sternocleidomastoid, meninges, posterior scalp
125
The occipital artery is held against the ___ artery by the hypoglassal nerve (CN XII).
External carotid
126
What does the posterior auricular artery supply?
Tympanic membrane, ear, posterior scalp
127
What does the superficial temporal artery supply?
Parotid gland, ear, face, zygomatic and temporal regions of the face
128
What branch does the superficial temporal artery give off before ascending?
Transverse facial artery
129
What does the maxillary artery supply?
Infratemporal fossa, nasal cavity, superior pharynx
130
What nerves does the carotid triangle contain?
Vagus nerve (CN X), spinal accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), sympathetic chain, cervical plexus (ansa cervicalis)
131
What nerve runs between the internal carotid and the internal jugular vein within the carotid sheath?
Vagus nerve (CN X)
132
What nerve enters the carotid triangle from behind the posterior belly of digastric and runs to the posterior aspect of sternocleidomastoid?
Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
133
What nerve enters the carotid triangle from behind the posterior belly of digastric, then runs anterior, slightly inferior, exits the triangle, and loops into the floor of the mouth?
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
134
What nerve is located behind the posterior wall of the carotid sheath?
Cervical sympathetic trunk (chain)
135
What are the branches of the vagus nerve?
1. Pharyngeal branch
2. Superior laryngeal nerve (internal and external laryngeal nerves)
3. Nerve to the carotid body
4. Cardiac nerves
5. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
136
Which branch of the vagus nerve participates in the pharyngeal plexus, which supplies motor innervation to the pharynx and palate?
Pharyngeal branch
137
Which branch of the vagus nerve divides to form two branches?
Superior laryngeal nerve
138
The ___ nerve pierces the thyrohyoid membrane along with the superior laryngeal branch of the superior thyroid artery to provide sensory innervation to laryngeal structures above the true vocal folds.
Internal laryngeal
139
The ___ nerve courses inferiorly to supply the cricothyroid muscle of the larynx.
External laryngeal
140
Which branch of the vagus nerve provides sensory innervation to the carotid body, a chemoreceptor?
Nerve to the carotid body
141
Which branch of the vagus nerve enters the thorax and participates in the cardiac plexus of nerves to the heart?
Cardiac nerves
142
Describe the path of the recurrent laryngeal nerve on the right.
Loops around the subclavian artery (anterior to posterior), runs in the groove between the trachea and the esophagus
143
What provides motor innervation to all of the muscles of vocalization except cricothyroid?
The right portion of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
144
Describe the path of the recurrent laryngeal nerve on the left.
Wraps around the arch of the aorta (anterior to posterior) just lateral to the ligamentum anteriosum
145
Although the number may vary, there are usually three cervical sympathetic ganglia. What are they?
1. Superior (C1-C4)
2. Middle (C5-C6)
3. Inferior (C7-C8)
146
The superior (C1-C4) ganglion of the cervical sympathetic chain supplies structures of the head via the ___. It also supplies the superior cardiac nerves which participate in the ___.
Internal carotid plexus; cardiac plexus
147
Interruption of the sympathetic chain in the neck can result in ___ Syndrome.
Horner's
148
What is the clinical manifestation of Horner's Syndrome?
Ptosis of the affected eyelid, miosis of the affected pupil, and anhydrosis (lack of sweating) on the affected side; reddening of the skin of the face is also frequently present on the affected side
149
Which cervical sympathetic ganglia may be absent?
Middle (C5-C6)
150
What does the middle cervical symapthetic ganglia do?
Supplies the thyroid gland and the middle cardiac nerve, gives branches to run with the external carotid artery and its branches, thereby affecting vasoconstriction.
151
What is the ansa subclavia?
Branch from the middle cervical sympathetic ganglion that passes around the subclavian artery and runs to the inferior ganglion
152
Which cervical sympathetic ganglion frequently fuses with the first thoracic ganglion to form the stellate (cervicothoracic ganglion)?
Inferior (C7-C8)
153
What is the root of the neck (deep neck)?
The region in or near the superior thoracic aperture
154
What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture (posterior, lateral, anterior)?
Posterior: first thoracic vertebra
Lateral: first ribs
Anterior: superior aspect of the manubrium
155
What are the 8 important structures of the root of the neck?
1. Subclavian arteries and veins, and their branches
2. Vagus nerve
3. Phrenic nerve
4. Sympathetic chain
5. recurrent laryngeal nerve
6. Thoracic duct
7. Common carotid arteries
8. Apices of the left and right lungs and their pleural coverings (cupulae)
156
What are the branches of the subclavian artery?
VIT C and sometimes D:
1. Vertebral artery
2. Internal thoracic artery
3. Thyrocervical trunk
4. Costocervical trunk
5. Dorsal scapular artery
157
The lympathics of the face and head drain inferiorly into the ___.
Pericervical lymphatic collar
158
The pericervical lymphatic collar consists of a series of connected lymph nodes which form a chain that encircles the junction of the head and neck. What are the groups of nodes, from posterior to anterior?
1. Occipital
2. Postauricular (retroauricular)
3. Preauricular
4. Buccal
5. Submandibular
6. Submental
159
The lymph nodes of the neck are drained by lymphatic channels which eventually drain into the ___, which are located along the internal jugular vein.
Deep cervical lymph nodes
160
The deep cervical lymph nodes empty into jugular trunks and then into the ___ on the left and the ___ on the right.
Thoracic duct; right lymphatic duct
161
What are the main functions of lympathics?
1. Drainage of tissue fluid
2. Collection of lymph plasma from tissue spaces
3. Transport of lymph to the venous system via lymphatic vessels and nodes
4. Absorption and transport of fat from the digestive system
5. Formation of a defense mechanism for the body
162
Where is the thoracic duct located?
The left side of the neck only
163
The thoracic duct receives lymphatic drainage from the entire body except what three things?
The right head and neck, right upper extremity, and right thorax
164
Describe the path of the thoracic duct upon entry to the root of the neck.
Passes through the superior thoracic aperture, posteriorly and laterally to the left carotid sheath, and then loops anteriorly to enter the venous system at the junction of the left internal jugular vein with the left subclavian vein.
165
The right lymphatic duct empties into either the right ___ or the right ___. It may also drain into the ___ of these two veins.
Internal jugular vein; subclavian vein; bifurcation
166
The ___ and its membranous covering (pleura) enter the root of the neck and extend approximately one inch above the medial third of the clavicle. The pleura in this region are known as cervical pleura or cupula.
Lung
167
The ___ and ___ lie in the midline and allow for passage of food from the oral cavity through the neck, thorax, and eventually to the abdomen.
Pharynx; esophagus
168
The ___ and ___ lie anterior to the esophagus and function in vocalization and passage of air to the lungs.
Pharynx; esophagus
169
The ___ lies in contact with the inferior larynx and the superior trachea anteriolaterally.
Thyroid gland
170
The left and right lobes of the thyroid gland are united in the midline by the ___, which covers the anterior aspect of the second to fourth tracheal rings.
Isthmus
171
Occasionally, a small triangular-shaped piece of glandular tissue will rise superiorly from the isthmus of the thyroid gland. What is this?
Pyramidal lobe (remnant of embryological thyroglossal duct)
172
Which arteries provide the blood supply to the thyroid gland?
Superior and inferior thyroid arteries
173
The symapthetics reach the thyroid gland via which ganglion?
Middle cervical
174
How many parathyroid glands are there?
4
175
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
176
Parathyroid glands secrete ___ hormone, a small protein that takes part in the control of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, as well as bone growth and metabolism.
Parathryoid
177
What is the sole purpose of the parathyroid gland?
Regulating calcium levels in the body within a very narrow range
178
What are the anterior prevertebral muscles?
1. Longus coli
2. Longus capitis
3. Rectus capitis anterior
4. Anterior scalene
179
What are the lateral prevertebral muscles?
1. Rectus capitis lateralis
2. Splenius capitis
3. Levator scapulae
4. Middle and posterior scalenes
180
What is the origin of longus colli?
Vertical portion: C5-T3 vertebrae
Inferior oblique portion: T1-T3 vertebrae
Superior oblique portion: anterior tubercles of transverse processes of C3-C5 vertebrae
181
What is the insertion of longus colli?
Vertical portion: C2-C4 vertebrae
Inferior oblique portion: anterior tubercles of transverse processes of C5-C6 vertebrae
Superior oblique portion: tubercle of anterior arch of atlas
182
What innervates longus colli?
Ventral primary rami of cervical nerves (C2-C8)
183
What supplies longus colli?
Ascending pharyngeal artery (prevertebral branches), ascending cervical artery (muscular branches), vertebral artery (muscular branches)
184
What is the function of longus colli?
Bilaterally: flex and rotate cervical vertebrae and head
Unilaterally: flex vertebral column laterally
185
What is the origin of longus capitis?
Anterior tubercles of transverse processes of C3-C6
186
What is the insertion of longus capitis?
Inferior surface of basilar part of occipital bone
187
What innervates longus capitis?
Ventral rami of cervical nerves (C1-C4)
188
What supplies longus capitis?
Inferior thyroid artery (ascending cervical branch), ascending pharyngeal artery, vertebral artery (muscular branches)
189
What is the function of longus capitis?
Flexes and assists in rotating cervical vertebrae and head
190
What is the origin of rectus capitis anterior?
Lateral mass of atlas
191
What is the insertion of rectus capitis anterior?
Base of occipital bone in front of foramen magnum
192
What innervates rectus capitis anterior?
Ventral rami of cervical nerves (C1-C2)
193
What supplies rectus capitis anterior?
Vertebral artery (muscular branches), ascending pharyngeal artery
194
What is the function of rectus capitis anterior?
Flexes head
195
What is the origin of rectus capitis lateralis?
Upper surface of transverse process of atlas
196
What is the insertion of rectus capitis lateralis?
Inferior surface of jugular process of occipital bone
197
What innervates rectus capitis lateralis?
Ventral rami of cervical nerves (C1-C2)
198
What supplies rectus capitis lateralis?
Vertebral artery (muscular branches), occipital artery, ascending pharyngeal artery
199
What is the function of rectus capitis lateralis?
Flexes head laterally to same side
200
What is the origin of anterior scalene?
Anterior tubercles of transverse processes of C3-C6
201
What is the insertion of anterior scalene?
Scalene tubercle on 1st rib
202
What innervates anterior scalene?
Anterior rami of cervical nerves (C5-C8)
203
What supplies anterior scalene?
Inferior thyroid artery (ascending cervical branch)
204
What is the function of anterior scalene?
Elevates 1st rib, bends neck
205
What is the origin of middle scalene?
Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C2-C7
206
What is the insertion of middle scalene?
Upper surface of 1st rib (behind subclavian groove)
207
What innervates middle scalene?
Anterior rami of cervical nerves (C3-C7)
208
What supplies middle scalene?
Ascending cervical artery (muscular branches)
209
What is the function of middle scalene?
Elevates 1st rib, bends neck
210
What is the origin of posterior scalene?
Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C4-C6
211
What is the insertion of posterior scalene?
Outer surface of second rib (behind attachment of serratus anterior)
212
What innervates posterior scalene?
Anterior rami of cervical nerves (C5-C8)
213
What supplies posterior scalene?
Inferior thyroid artery (muscular branches of ascending cervical division), transverse cervical artery (superficial branch)
214
What is the function of posterior scalene?
Elevates 2nd rib, bends neck
215
What is the origin of splenius capitis?
Nuchal ligament, spinous process of C7-T3
216
What is the insertion of splenius capitis?
Mastoid process of temporal bone, lateral third of superior nuchal line
217
What innervates splenius capitis?
Dorsal rami of middle cervical nerves
218
What supplies splenius capitis?
Occipital artery (descending branch), deep cervical artery
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What is the function of splenius capitis?
Bilaterally: extends head
Unilaterally: flexes and rotates face to same side
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What is the origin of levator scapulae?
Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4
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What is the insertion of levator scapulae?
Medial border of scapula from superior angle to spine
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What innervates levator scapulae?
Ventral rami of C3-C4 and dorsal scapular nerve
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What supplies levator scapulae?
Dorsal scapular artery, transverse cervical artery, ascending cervical artery
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What is the function of levator scapulae?
Elevates scapula medially, inferiorly rotates glenoid cavity
