10.14.16 Autonomics

Question 1

Describe the divisions of the nervous system.

Answer 1

1. Central (brain and spinal cord)
2. Peripheral (all other nerves)
3. Autonomic nervous system

Question 2

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 2

1. Parasympathetic nervous system

2. Sympathetic nervous system

Question 3

What is the difference between parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?

Answer 3

Parasympathetic - rest and digest

Sympathetic - feed, fight, flight, fornicate

Question 4

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

Answer 4

1. Dilates pupil
2. Inhibits flow of saliva
3. Accelerates heartbeat
4. Dilates bronchi
5. Inhibits peristalsis and secretion
6. Conversion of glycogen to glucose
7. Secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline
8. Inhibits bladder contraction

Question 5

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

Answer 5

1. Stimulates flow of saliva
2. Slows heartbeat
3. Constricts bronchi
4. Stimulates peristalsis and secretion
5. Stimulates release of bile
6. Contracts bladder

Question 6

The parasympathetics originate from the ___ and ___.

Answer 6

Brain; sacral cord (S2 to S4)

Question 7

The sympathetics originate from the ___.

Answer 7

Thoracic cord (T1 to L2)

Question 8

Presynaptic sympathetic nerve cell bodies originate from the ___ in the spinal cord.

Answer 8

Lateral horn

Question 9

Where are preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division located?

Answer 9

T1-L2 in the lateral horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord

Question 10

Preganglionic neruons of the sympathetic division send fibers out the ___ root. They leave the spinal nerves through the ___ rami (myelin) and enter the ___.

Answer 10

Ventral; white; sympathetic trunk

Question 11

Ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division are located with the ___ or in ___ outside of the sympathetic trunk.

Answer 11

Sympathetic chain ganglia; collateral ganglia

Question 12

Postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division leave the sympathetic trunk through the ___ rami and pass through the spinal nerve again before terminating on the ___.

Answer 12

Gray; effector organ

Question 13

Preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division are ___ (short/long) and ___ (myelinated/unmyelinated).

Answer 13

Short; myelinated

Question 14

Postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division are ___ (short/long) and ___ ( myelinated/unmyelinated).

Answer 14

Long; unmyelinated

Question 15

Preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division may do one of four possible things - what are they?

Answer 15

1. Synapse with one or more neurons in the sympathetic trunk directly across from them
2. Ascend or descend in the trunk before synapsing
3. Pass through the sympathetic trunk and synapse with a collateral ganglion outside the sympathetic trunk
4. Directly stimulate the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla

Question 16

The sympathetic division is responsible for ___ tone.

Answer 16

Vasomotor

Question 17

Where are preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division located?

Answer 17

Brain stem and S2, S3, and S4

Question 18

Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division travel through what 4 cranial nerves and spinal nerves S2-S4, and synpase with ___ located very near or directly on the effector organ.

Answer 18

CN III, VII, IX, X; peripheral ganglia

Question 19

Ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division are located within ___.

Answer 19

Peripheral ganglia

Question 20

Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division are ___ (short/long) and ___ (myelinated/unmyelinated).

Answer 20

Long; myelinated

Question 21

Postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division are ___ (short/long) and ___ (myelinated/unmyelinated).

Answer 21

Short; unmyelinated

Question 22

Parasympathetic fibers do not control the ___ of the systemic arterioles but are responsible for ___.

Answer 22

Diameter; peristalsis

Question 23

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic functions of the eyes?

Answer 23

S: dilates pupil
P: constricts pupil, contracts ciliary muscle to thicken lens

Question 24

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic functions of the lacrimal gland?

Answer 24

S: slightly reduces secretion
P: promotes secretion

Question 25

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic functions of the salivary gland?

Answer 25

S: reduces secretion and more viscid P: increases secretion and watery

Question 26

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic functions of the sweat gland?

Answer 26

S: stimulates secretion P: no effect

Question 27

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic functions of the blood vessels?

Answer 27

S: constricts P: no effect

Question 28

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic functions of the heart?

Answer 28

S: increases rate and ventricular contraction, dilates coronary vessels P: decreases rate and ventricular contraction, constricts coronary vessels

Question 29

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic functions of the bronchi?

Answer 29

S: dilates lumen, reduces bronchial secretion P: constricts lumen; promotes secretion

Question 30

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic functions of the GI tract?

Answer 30

S: inhibits motility and secretion; constricts sphincters P: stimulates motility and secretion, relaxes sphincters

Question 31

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic functions of the liver?

Answer 31

S: promotes glycogen breakdown P: promotes glycogen formation and bile secretion

Question 32

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic functions of the suprarenal medulla?

Answer 32

S: secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine P: no effect

Question 33

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic functions of the kidney?

Answer 33

S: reduces urine formation by constriction of renal vessels P: may cause vasodilation of renal vascular bed

Question 34

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic functions of the urinary bladder?

Answer 34

S: contracts sphincter vesicae P: relaxes sphincter vesicae; contracts detrusor muscle, causing urination

Question 35

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic functions of the genital organs?

Answer 35

S: causes vasoconstriction and ejaculation, contracts uterus P: vasodilation and erection; relaxes uterus

Question 36

What are the simple sympathetic effects on the function of the eye, heart, lungs, digestive tract, kidney, and penis?

Answer 36

``` Eye: dilates pupil Heart: increases rate and force of contraction Lungs: dilates bronchioles Digestive tract: inhibits peristalsis Kidney: increases renin secretion Penis: promotes ejaculation ```

Question 37

Typically, the sympathetic nervous system synapses in the ___.

Answer 37

Sympathetic chain

Question 38

What are the three major exceptions to the rule that the sympathetic nervous system has its synapses in the sympathetic chain?

Answer 38

Greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves

Question 39

What are the symptoms of Horner's syndrome?

Answer 39

1. Anhidrosis (lack of sweating) 2. Ptosis (droopy eyelid) 3. Redness 4. Warm skin 5. Miosis (excessive pupil constriction)

Question 40

What are the major ganglia used by CN III, VII, IX, X (parasympathetics)?

Answer 40

1. Ciliary ganglion (III) 2. Pterygopalatine ganglion (VII) 3. Otic ganglion (IX) 4. Submandibular ganglion (VII)

Question 41

What is the primary ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 41

Superior cervical ganglion, found in the sympathetic chain

Question 42

What is the location of the ciliary ganglion?

Answer 42

Lateral to optic nerve

Question 43

What is the location of the pterygopalatine ganglion?

Answer 43

In pterygopalatine fossa

Question 44

What is the location of the submandibular ganglion?

Answer 44

On hyoglossus

Question 45

What is the location of the otic ganglion?

Answer 45

Below foramen ovale

Question 46

What are the parasympathetic fibers in the ciliary ganglion?

Answer 46

Oculomotor nerve and its inferior division

Question 47

What are the parasympathetic fibers in the pterygopalatine ganglion?

Answer 47

Facial nerve, greater petrosal nerve, and nerve of pterygoid canal

Question 48

What are the parasympathetic fibers in the submandibular ganglion?

Answer 48

Facial nerve, chorda tympani, and lingual nerve

Question 49

What are the parasympathetic fibers in the otic ganglion?

Answer 49

Glossopharyngeal nerve, its tympanic branch, and lesser petrosal nerve

Question 50

What are the sympathetic fibers in the ciliary ganglion?

Answer 50

Internal carotid plexus

Question 51

What are the sympathetic fibers in the pterygopalatine ganglion?

Answer 51

Internal carotid plexus

Question 52

What are the sympathetic fibers in the submandibular ganglion?

Answer 52

Plexus on facial artery

Question 53

What are the sympathetic fibers in the otic ganglion?

Answer 53

Plexus on middle meningeal artery

Question 54

What is the target of the ciliary ganglion?

Answer 54

Ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae (parasympathetic); dilator pupillae and tarsal muscles (sympathetic)

Question 55

What is the target of the pterygopalatine ganglion?

Answer 55

Lacrimal gland and glands in palate and nose

Question 56

What is the target of the submandibular ganglion?

Answer 56

Submandibular and sublingual glands

Question 57

What is the target of the otic ganglion?

Answer 57

Parotid gland

Question 58

CN ___ is a taxi for the parasympathetics of ___ and ___.

Answer 58

V; VII; IX