9.20.16 Back Flashcards
1
Q
The back consists of the ___ aspect of the body and provides the musculoskeletal axis of support for the ___.
A
Posterior; trunk
2
Q
The back extends from the base of the ___ to the ___.
A
Skull (occiput); illiac crest
3
Q
What has a very long spinal process?
A
C7 (Vertebrae prominens)
4
Q
The superior angle of the scapula is found at about ___.
A
T1-T2
5
Q
The inferior angle of the scapula is found at about ___.
A
T7
6
Q
The iliac crest is located at the level of the ___ vertebra.
A
L4
7
Q
What two bones are involved in the shoulder girdle and what shape do they form?
A
Clavicle and scapula; V-shape
8
Q
The scapula has 3 of what 5 things?
A
Angles, borders, fossae, processes, group of 3 muscles
9
Q
What are the three processes of the scapula?
A
- Spinous process 2. Acromion 3. Coracoid process
10
Q
What are the two major groups of muscles in the back?
A
- Extrinsic (superficial and intermediate)2. Intrinsic (true and deep)
11
Q
Superficial muscles control ___ movements. They originate at the __ and insert into the ___.
A
Upper limb; spine; upper limb bones (clavicle, scapula, humerus)
12
Q
Intermediate muscles control ___ movements. They originate at the __ and insert into the ___.
A
Respiratory/thoracic wall; spine; ribs
13
Q
What are the extrinsic superficial muscles of layer 1?
A
Trapezius and latissimus dorsi
14
Q
What are the extrinsic superficial muscles of layer 2?
A
Rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, levator scapulae
15
Q
What are the extrinsic intermediate muscles?
A
Serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior
16
Q
The rhomboid major, minor, and levator scapulae all originate from the ___ and insert into the ___.
A
Spine; medial border of the scapula
17
Q
What nerve innervates the trapezius?
A
Accessory nerve (CN XI)
18
Q
What artery supplies the trapezius?
A
Transverse cervical artery
19
Q
What innervates the latissimus dorsi?
A
Thoracodorsal nerve
20
Q
What supplies the latissimus dorsi?
A
Thoracodorsal artery
21
Q
The latissimus dorsi and trapezius both share in the triangle of ___.
A
Auscultation
22
Q
The latissimus dorsi originates from the T7/down to the lumbar fascia, twists, and inserts at the ___.
A
Humerus
23
Q
The trapezius originates from the ___ and inserts at the ___.
A
Superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T12; Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
24
Q
What innervates the rhomboid major?
A
Dorsal scapular nerve
25
What innervates the levator scapulae?
Dorsal scapular nerve
26
What innervates the rhomboid minor?
Dorsal scapular nerve
27
What is the origin and insertion of serratus posterior superior and inferior?
Origin, serratus posterior inferior: Spinous processes of T11-L2
Insertion, serratus posterior inferior: Inferior aspect of ribs 9-12
Origin, serratus posterior superior: Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T3
Insertion, serratus posterior superior: Superior aspect of ribs 2-4
28
What is the function of serratus posterior superior and inferior?
Elevate and depress the ribs, respectively
29
Where does the serratus anterior originate from and insert?
Originates from the upper 8 ribs, inserts into the scapula
30
What does the serratus anterior do and what activities is it used in?
Protracts the scapula; boxing and swimming
31
The serratus anterior is supplied by the ___ artery.
Lateral thoracic artery
32
The serratus anterior is innervated by the ___.
Long thoracic nerve
33
What does injury of the long thoracic nerve cause?
Winging of the scapula
34
What are the three intrinsic (deep back) muscles?
1. Superficial: splenius muscles 2. Intermediate: erector spinae 3. Deep: paravertebral muscles
35
Where are the suboccipital group of muscles located?
Deep to the semispinalis capitis in the suboccipital region
36
What is the function of trapezius?
Elevates, retracts, and rotates the scapula; lower fibers depress the scapula
37
What is the function of latissimus dorsi?
Extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus
38
The trapezius with the serratus anterior rotate the ___ upwards from 90 to 180 degrees as in raising the limb above the head.
Scapula
39
What plays a role in expiratory efforts as in coughing and sneezing?
Latissimus dorsi
40
What does "serratus" mean?
Sawtooth appearance
41
What is the chief extensor of the vertebral column?
Erector spinae
42
What are the suboccipital muscles?
Rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis inferior, and obliquus capitis superior
43
What innervates the suboccipital muscles?
Suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1)
44
What is the weight-bearing portion of a vertebra that tends to increase in size as one descends the spine?
Body
45
What is the circle of bone around the canal through which the spinal cord passes? It is composed of a floor at the back of the vertebra, walls (pedicles), and a roof where two laminae join.
Vertebral arch
46
What are the two superior and two inferior facet for articulation with adjacent vertebrae?
Articular processes
47
What is the opening formed by the vertebral notches that is traversed by spinal nerve roots and associated vessels?
Intervertebral foramen
48
What are the paired portions of the vertebral arch that connect the transverse processes to the body?
Lamina
49
What is the part of the vertebral arch that attaches the transverse processes to the body?
Pedicle
50
What are the lateral extensions from the union of the pedicle and lamina?
Transverse processes
51
What is a projection that extends posteriorly by union of two laminae?
Spinous processes
52
What is the foramen formed from the vertebral arch and body that contains the spinal cord and its meningeal coverings?
Vertebral foramen
53
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
54
What are two characteristic features of the cervical vertebrae?
Small size and presence of the foramen in the transverse process
55
A typical cervical vertebrae has a small, ___-shaped body, a short bifid ___ process and a transverse process perforated by a ___.
Kidney; spinous; foramen transversarium
56
What do the foramen transversarium do?
Transmit the vertebral vessels
57
What cervical vertebra has no body or spinous process?
C1 (Atlas)
58
What cervical vertebra articulates with the head?
C1 (Atlas)
59
C1 is composed of two lateral ___ interconnected by a longer ___ arch and a shorter ___ arch.
Masses; posterior; anterior
60
Each lateral mass of C1 articulates above with an occipital condyle of the skull (___ joint) and below with the superior articular process of C2 (___ joint).
Atlanto-occipital; atlanto-axial
61
What is the body of C2?
The dens (odontoid process) - developmentally, this was originally the body of Atlas.
62
C2 has a strong bifid spinous process. It looks like a ___.
Fishtail
63
Which cervical vertebra has a long, non-bifid spinous process?
C7
64
What is the Yes-Yes joint?
Atlanto-occipital joint (allows for nodding)
65
What is the No-No joint?
(Median and Lateral) Atlanto-axial joint (allows for rotation)
66
What acts as a pivot that allows Atlas and this item to rotate on the axis?
Dens
67
Draw the suboccipital triangle.
68
What is the artery and nerve within the floor of the suboccipital triangle?
Vertebral artery, suboccipital nerve
69
What is the artery and nerve within the roof of the suboccipital triangle?
Occipital artery and greater occipital nerve
70
The suboccipital nerve is the dorsal ramus of ___ and is purely ___.
C1; motor
71
The greater occipital nerve is the dorsal ramus of ___ and is purely ___.
C2; sensory
72
Describe the location of the greater occipital nerve.
Appears at the lower border of inferior oblique, pierces seminspinalis capitis and trapezius to supply the scalp up to the vertex
73
The vertebral artery is a branch of the ___. The occipital artery is a branch of the ___.
Subclavian artery; external carotid artery (ECA)
74
What supplies the rhomboid major?
Dorsal scapular artery
75
What supplies the rhomboid minor?
Dorsal scapular artery
76
What supplies levator scapulae?
Dorsal scapular artery
77
What is the origin and insertion of erector spinae?
Origin: posterior sacrum, iliac crest, sacrospinous ligament, supraspinous ligament, spinous processes of lower lumbar, and sacral vertebrae
Insertion: ribs
78
What is the function of erector spinae?
Extends and laterally bends vertebral column and head
79
What is the origin and insertion of splenius capitis?
Origin: nuchal ligament, spinous process of C7-T3
Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone, lateral third of superior nuchal line
80
What is the function of splenius capitis?
Extends head (bilateral), laterally bends and rotates face to same side (unilateral)
81
What is the origin and insertion of obliquus capitis inferior?
Origin: spine of axis
Insertion: Transverse process of atlas
82
What is the origin and insertion of obliquus capitis superior?
Origin: transverse process of atlas
Insertion: Occipital bone
83
What is the origin and insertion of rectus capitis posterior major?
Origin: spine of axis
Insertion: Inferior nuchal line
84
What is the origin and insertion of rectus capitis posterior minor?
Origin: tubercle of posterior arch of atlas
Insertion: median inferior nuchal line
85
What is the function of levator scapulae?
Elevates scapula medially, inferiorly rotates glenoid cavity
86
What is the origin and insertion of semispinalis capitis?
Origin: transverse processes of C4-T12
Insertion: Spinous processes of cervical and thoracic regions
87
What is the function of semispinalis capitiis?
Extends head, neck, and thorax and rotates them to the opposite side
88
Identify the following parts of the back and spinal cord:
1. Trapezius
2. Latissimus dorsi
3. Levator scapulae
4. Rhomboid minor
5. Rhomboid major
6. Serratus posterior superior
7. Serratus posterior inferior
8. Erector spinae
9. Splenius capitis
10. Semispinalis capitis
11. Serratus anterior
12. Accessory spinal nerve (CN XI)
13. Greater occipital nerve (C2)
14. Thoracodorsal nerve
15. Long thoracic nerve
16. Transverse cervical artery (superficial branch)
17. Thoracodorsal artery
18. Lateral thoracic artery
Refer to Powerpoint
89
What innervates serratus posterior inferior?
Ventral rami of lower thoracic nerves
90
What innervates serratus posterior superior?
Ventral rami of upper thoracic nerves
91
What supplies serratus posterior inferior and superior?
Posterior intercostal arteries
92
What innervates erector spinae?
Dorsal rami of each region
93
What supplies erector spinae?
Cervical portions: occipital, deep cervical, and vertebral arteries
Thoracic portions: dorsal branches of posterior intercostal, subcostal, and lumbar arteries
Sacral portions: dorsal branches of lateral sacral arteries
94
What innervates splenius capitis?
Dorsal rami of middle cervicle nerves
95
What supplies splenius capitis?
Descending branch of occipital artery, deep cervical artery
96
What is the function of obliquus capitis inferior?
Rotates atlas to turn face to same side
97
What is the function of obliquus capitis superior?
Extends and bends head laterally
98
What is the function of rectus capitis posterior major?
Extends and rotates head to same side
99
What is the function of rectus capitis posterior minor?
Extends head
100
What supplies the suboccipital muscles?
Vertebral artery, descending branch of occipital artery
101
What is the origin and insertion of levator scapulae?
Origin: posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4
Insertion: medial border of scapular from superior angle to spine
102
What is the origin and insertion of rhomboid major?
Origin: spinous processes of T2-T5 vertebrae
Insertion: medial border of scapula below base of spine of scapula
103
What is the origin and insertion of rhomboid minor?
Origin: ligamentum nuchae, spines of C7 and T1 vertebrae
104
What is the function of rhomboid major and minor?
Fixes scapular to thoracic wall and retracts and rotates it to depress glenoid cavity
105
What innervates semispinalis capitis?
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
106
What supplies semispinalis capitis?
Cervical portions: occipital, deep cervical, and vertebral arteries
Thoracic portions: dorsal branches of posterior intercostal arteries
