Leukemia and Lymphoma Flashcards
Definition of Leukemia
Neoplasms arising from the hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow
(cells gone haywire in the blood-making cells of the marrow)
How are the four types of leukemia classified?
Acute vs Chronic
Lymphocytic vs. Non-lymphocytic/Myelogenous
Which ACUTE leukemia is more common in adults?
ANL/AML (Acute Non-Lymphocytic/Myelogenous)
= 80% of acute cases
ANL/AML long term survival rate as a percentage?
~40% in adults
Hallmark of ALL?
Pancytopenia with circulating blasts
“ALL cells are decreased - blast!”
Which is the MOST COMMON leukemia in adults?
CLL - chronic lymphocytic leukemia
What is the hallmark of the most common leukemia in adults, which is CLL?
Lymphocytosis - increase in number of lymphocytes
What are lymphocytes?
one type of WBC category
include T cells, B cells, NK cells
(main type of cells found in lymph)
Both CHRONIC leukemias (CLL and CML) occur in which stage of adulthood?
More typically found in middle and older adults
What is the median survival of CML in years?
3 - 4 years
What is the median survival of CLL in years?
10 years
in CLL, the most common adult leukemia
Which leukemia has Philadelphia chromosomes as its hallmark?
CML
the less common of the adult chronic leukemias
Early signs of leukemia?
May be asymptomatic or vague -
fatigue
weakness
anorexia
More ominous - and typically later - signs of leukemia?
Generalized lymphadenopathy
Weight loss
What test usually distinguishes acute from chronic leukemia (though does not CONFIRM the diagnosis)?
A peripheral blood smear DISTINGUISHES.
What test confirms the diagnosis of leukemia?
A bone marrow aspiration CONFIRMS.
What is done to manage leukemia?
Chemo
Bone marrow transplantation
Control of symptoms
How is lymphoma diagnosed?
biopsy of lymph node
When does a lymph node need to be biopsied?
> 1 cm
not related to infection
present > 4 - 6 weeks
Lymphoma stage 1 is:
localized to single lymph node or group
Lymphoma stage 2 is:
confined to ONE SIDE of the DIAPHRAGM
Lymphoma stage 3:
occurs on BOTH SIDES of the DIAPHRAGM
Lymphoma stage 4 is:
really bad
liver or bone marrow involvement
What age adult is typically affected by lymphoma?
the younger adult
What are the two types lymphoma? Which is more predictable?
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Hodgkin’s is more predictable
What is a common initial presentation of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?
lymphadenopathy
Predictable or unpredictable pattern of spread?
less predictable than Hodgkin’s
What cells are a feature of Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
Reed-Sternberg cells
What is the typical initial presentation of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?
cervical adenopathy
Is radiation usually a part of treatment for leukemia or lymphoma?
lymphoma
What does the management of lymphoma include?
Radiation
chemotherapy
bone marrow transplantation
What is the TNM tumor classification system?
T for tumor size - 0 to 4
N for lymph node involvement - 0 to 3
M for distant metastasis 0 or 1
worst is T4, N3, M1
