Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Prehypertension

A

Starts at –
120 systolic

80 diastolic

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2
Q

Stage 1 HTN

A

Starts at –
140 systolic

90 diastolic

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2
Q

Stage 2 HTN

A

> 160 systolic

> 100 diastolic

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3
Q

Is the systolic or diastolic number more important in determining risk in someone OVER 50?

A

Systolic.

And the wider the pulse pressure the greater the cardiovascular risk.

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4
Q

Treatment for pre-hypertension?

A

Lifestyle modification - weight loss, DASH eating plan, sodium restriction, aerobic activity, moderation of alcohol consumption.

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5
Q

Treatment for stage 1 hypertension?

A

Lifestyle modification and medication.

Thiazide diuretic is usually first line.

May add ACE, ARB, BB, CCB.

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6
Q

Treatment for stage 2 hypertension?

A

Lifestyle modification and 2+ medications.

Combination of 2 or more drugs, usually a thiazide plus additional medication.

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7
Q

BP goal for general population?

A

140/90

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8
Q

BP goal for those with DM or renal impairment?

A

130/80

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9
Q

What kidney-related cardiovascular risk factors were identified by JNC-7?

A

Microalbuminuria and and GFR of less than 60 mL/min.

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10
Q

Treatment for African Americans with hypertension?

A

ACE or ARB for renal protection.

CCB or thiazide to increase effectiveness of treatment.

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11
Q

A mid-systolic murmur which gets louder when the patient stands may represent…?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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12
Q

A grade III systolic murmur is usually about as loud as what heart sound?

A

S1

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13
Q

S3 and S4 are best heard with what part of the stethoscope?

A

The bell

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14
Q

S3 is heard when in the cardiac cycle?

A

Early diastole

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15
Q

What heart sound is associated with ventricular overload?

A

S3

16
Q

What heart sound is associated with poorly controlled hypertention?

A

S4

17
Q

What physical finding is associated with MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE?

A

Pectus excavatum

18
Q

When in the cardiac cycle would you expect the murmur of MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE?

A

Mid to late systolic

19
Q

What is an additional characteristic sound associated with MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE?

A

A mid-systolic click

20
Q

When assessing MITRAL STENOSIS what murmur is anticipated?

A

Localized diastolic with little radiation

21
Q

Crescendo-descrescendo with radiation to the neck?

A

Aortic stenosis

22
Q

Is a physiological murmur likely to become louder or softer when the patient stands?

A

Softer

23
Q

What antibiotic should be used for endocarditis prophylaxis in patients who are allergic to PCN?

A

Azithromycin

24
Q

S1 and S2 are best heard with what part of the stethoscope?

A

The diaphragm

25
Q

A PHYSIOLOGIC split of S2 is affected by inspiration in what way?

A

INcreases with INspiration

Benign, generally seen in the less than age 30 population if at all.

26
Q

A PATHOLOGICAL split of S2 is affected by inspiration in what way?

A

Fixed split - no change

Paradoxical split - narrows with inspiration

27
Q

A PATHOLOGICAL S2 split may be found in conditions that delay ______ closure, such as ________.

A

Delay AORTIC closure such as BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK.

28
Q

When in the cardiac cycle is S3 heard?

A

Early diastole

29
Q

What is the significance of S3?

A

Indicative of ventricular overload

Can also be systolic dysfunction or both

30
Q

When in the cardiac cycle is S4 heard?

A

Late diastole

somtimes called a “presystolic” sound

31
Q

What is the significance of S4?

A

Often found in poorly controlled hypertension or post MI