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HUBS192 > Lecture 8 Heart Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Heart Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Arterial blood flows

A

Away from the heart.

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2
Q

Venous blood flows

A

towards the heart.

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3
Q

Design of the mammalian cardiovascular system. (4 points).

A

Four chambered heart.

Blood flows in one direction.

Arterial blood flows away from the heart.

Venous blood flows towards the heart.

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4
Q

Right and left pumps contract….

also what pumps 1st and 2nd

A

simultaneously.
Atria contract first…
ventricles contract second

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5
Q

Blood movement through the heart is gated by

A

valves

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6
Q

Tricuspid and mitral valves control flow between the

A

atria and ventricles

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7
Q

Aortic and pulmonary valves control flow from the

A

ventricles out to the circulatory vessels

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8
Q

Valves open and close to

A

direct blood

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9
Q

Cellular mechanism of cardiac contraction. (4 steps)

A
  • Ca2+ levels go up, and more Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).
  • Myosin binds to actin to form cross-bridges.
  • Myosin pulls on actin to shorten the sarcomere and generate force.
  • Every myocyte activated during each heart beat.
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10
Q

How are cross bridges formed?

A

Myosin binds to Actin.

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11
Q

Myosin pulls on actin to

A

shorten the sarcomere and generate force.

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12
Q

What is activated during each heart beat?

A

Every Cardiomyocyte.

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13
Q

how can we increase force of contraction?

Extent of X- bridges formed not maximized at rest…..

A

↑ cytosolic Ca2+ level

↑ number of cross-bridges formed

↑ force of contraction.

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14
Q

Cellular mechanism of cardiac relaxation

A

Decrease in cytosolic Ca2+ levels.
(Ca2+ pumped back into the SR).

Cross-bridges release when ATP binds to myosin.

Reduction in force means the heart can relax.

All cardiac myocytes relax each beat.

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15
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation

Falling pressure

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16
Q

Systole

A

Contraction

Rising pressure

17
Q

Cardiac cycle and main phases

A

Starting point

Atrial contraction / systole

Atrial diastole

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction (Ventricular systole 1st phase )

Ventricular Ejection (Ventricular systole 2nd phase)

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation (Ventricular diastole early phase)

Ventricular diastole late phase - passive filling phase

18
Q

Starting point (atria, ventricles, AV valves, semilunar valves)

A

ready for heartbeat

Atria and ventricles full of blood

AV valves open (to allow blood into ventricles)

Aorta & Pulmonary valves close (Keep blood within heart)

19
Q

Atrial contraction / systole

what contracts

A

Kicks of heartbeat

2 atria contract and pack as much blood into the ventricles

20
Q

Atrial diastole

A

Atria is relaxing (pushed as much blood into the ventricles)

AV valves close (to prevent backflow into atria)

21
Q

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction (Ventricular systole 1st phase)
(Valves, pressure, volume)

A

Ventricles contract

AV valve close

Aorta and Pulmonary valve close

Rapid build of pressure

No where for blood to escape the ventricles.

Blood volume is same

22
Q

Ventricular Ejection (Ventricular systole 2nd phase)

A

The pressure is so high causes the aortic and pulmonary valve to open and blood is ejected out of ventricles into arteries
Pressure falls

23
Q

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation (Ventricular diastole early phase)
(valves, volume, ventricle)

A

AV valves close

Pulmonary and Aortic valves close

Lower blood volume

Ventricles relax

Space is getting larger the volume stays the same

Decrease pressure in the ventricles

24
Q

Ventricular diastole late phase - passive filling phase

A

AV valves open

Blood from veins fill up atria and ventricles

25
Q

Blood pressure

measure

A

Systolic point / diastolic point

highest point / lowest point

26
Q

Pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. (highest - lowest)

27
Q

Mean arteriole blood pressure

A

A bit lower than the mid point of the systolic and diastolic point

28
Q

why is the MAP lower than mid point?

A

Heart spends more time relax (diastole) than in systole.

29
Q

Hypertension

A

Systolic pressure too high (mmHg) - millimeters of mercury

Heart failure / stroke

30
Q

Hypotension

A

Diastolic pressure too low (mmHg)

Poor circulation through system.

Affects certain areas further from the heart (brain) more

Syncope (fainting, unconscious state brain not getting enough oxygen)

31
Q

Pulmonary circuit

resistance

A

Moves blood to lungs from heart

Short circuit

Low resistance

Right side of the heart only needs low pressure as the resistance is low.

32
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Moves blood throughout body

Long circuit

High resistance

Left side of the heart needs to create high pressure to overcome the resistance

HUBS192 (36 decks)

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