Lecture 16 Breathing / Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

P = 1 / V

inverse relationship between pressure and volume

decrease volume = increase pressure

increase volume = decrease pressure

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2
Q

Between breaths – pressure inside the thoracic cavity =

A
pressure outside (no pressure gradient in to out)
– No air movement
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3
Q

Change the pressure in one

A

air will move to lower pressure space

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4
Q

to breathe what do we need to establish to make air move?

A

pressure gradient

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5
Q

Changing the dimensions (volume) of the thorax, will change

A

pressure in the thorax, pressure in alveoli, and air will move

increase vol - air in
decrease vol - air out

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6
Q

Body Cavities

Pressure within a cavity

A

Change volume of the thorax
Change pressure
Greater or less than external air pressure
Air flows in or out

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7
Q

How is the volume of the thoracic cavity changed?

A

Boundaries of thorax

Movement of parts

  • muscles
  • joints
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8
Q

Thoracic cavity movement - pleura

what is Pleural fluid – thin film?

A

– Moist slippery surface – lung surface moves against other structures (diaphragm, thoracic wall)

– Holds lungs tight against thoracic wall – fluid bond between visceral and parietal pleura

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9
Q

thoracic wall movement results in lung movement

A
  • Increase volume of thorax
  • increase volume of lung
  • decrease pressure in lung
  • air flow in
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10
Q

Thoracic joints - anterior

A
  • Sternum to ribs
  • via costal cartilage (hyaline)
  • Synovial joints
  • Cartilaginous joints

sternocostal
costochondral
interchondral

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11
Q

Sternocostal

whats the joint?

A
  • Synovial

- Except 1st = cartilaginous

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12
Q

Costochondral

whats the joint?

A
  • cartilaginous
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13
Q

Interchondral

whats the joint?

A
  • synovial
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14
Q

Thoracic joints – posterior

A

costotransverse
vostovertebral

  • Articulation between thoracic vertebrae and ribs
  • Synovial joints = movement
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15
Q

Muscles of Respiration - inspiration

A
  • Diaphragm (main)
  • Intercostals
  • Accessory muscles
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16
Q

Quiet inspiration

A

active

• Diaphragm + external intercostals

17
Q

• Active inspiration

A
  • Add in accessory muscles

* Muscles which elevate ribs further

18
Q

Muscles of Respiration - expiration

A
  • Diaphragm
  • Intercostals
  • Accessory muscles (internal intercostal, abs)
19
Q

Quiet expiration

A

passive
• diaphragm + external
intercostals relax
• elastic tissue recoil

20
Q

• Active exhalation

A

Cough, if airway resistance is high, e.g. narrow airways in asthma

21
Q

Muscles of Respiration - expiration

Add in accessory muscles

A

– Muscles which reduce depth + width of thoracic cavity

– Abs muscles contract – decrease volume of abdominal cavity – push diaphragm up

22
Q

Inhalation –

A
volume increases (alveolar volume)
Pout > Pinside - air flows in
23
Q

Exhalation

A
volume decreases (alveolar volume)
Pout < Pinside - air flows out
24
Q

Summary: Breathing – thoracic volume changes

A

Contraction of diaphragm­ thoracic cavity length (75%)

Muscle (skeletal) - contract
Central tendon

25
Q

Give one reason why you might develop a headache when you have a cold?

A

blocked sinuses

26
Q

State the predominant type of respiratory epithelium in the nasal cavity?

A

pseudo stratified, ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

27
Q

What is the normal fate of mucus produced by this epithelium?

A

moved by cilia to pharynx and swallowed

28
Q

Why does mucus accumulate in the respiratory tract of smokers?

A

cilia stop functioning due to damage from smoke inhalation

29
Q

What cell type removes debris from the lungs?

A

macrophage