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HUBS192 > Lecture 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 & 2 Flashcards

- Describe the layers of the skin - Describe the functions of the skin - Describe accessory structures of the skin and their function - Understand how skin anatomy relates to skin aging, pigmentation, tattoo and melanoma

1
Q

Skin (surface area)

A

Largest and most visible organ of the body, 16% of body weight, 1.5-2 m2 of surface area, bare makes us unique.

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2
Q

Functions of skin + accessory structures.

A
  • Detect touch, pain, pressure, temp stimuli and relay information to nervous system.
  • Excrete salts, water, organic waste by integumentary glands
  • Maintain normal core body temperature through insulation or evaporative cooling.
  • Protect underlying tissue or organs from impact, abrasions, fluid loss, and chemical attack
  • Produce melanin to protect underlying tissue from UV radiation
  • Produce Keratin to protect against abrasions and serve as a water repellent.
  • Synthesise Vitamin D3 (steroid converts to Calcitriol-hormone) important for normal calcium metabolism (homeostasis).
  • Store Lipids in Adipocytes (in Dermis) and Adipose tissue (in Subcutaneous layer).
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3
Q

3 Primary Layers in Skin are

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis

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4
Q

Epidermis (what layer inside, outside, middle)

3 things

A

outside layer, stratified barrier (made of different layers), mostly keratinocytes (cells with high amount of keratin-protein eg nails & hair, provides skin strength), Avascular (no blood vessels no circulation).

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5
Q

Dermis (what layer inside, outside, middle)

4 things

A

Directly under epidermis and above hypodermis. Protein fibres for strength, provides structure, Vascular (blood supply) to nourish epidermis layers that are still alive.

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6
Q

Hypodermis

1 thing

A

Adipose tissue for insulation

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7
Q

Cutaneous layer

A

Epidermis and Dermis

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8
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

Hypodermis

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9
Q

Epidermis layers are

A

Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum (only in thick skin), Stratum granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale.

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10
Q

Stratum Corneum

Type of cells

A

outside, horny layer, made of dead dried flat cells (no nuclei), can be completely removed

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11
Q

Stratum Lucidum

Type of cells

A

(only in thick skin) - clear layer, palms hands, soles feet

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12
Q

Stratum granulosum

Type of cells

A

Granular layer, granules within that dries out cell, provides crosslinking of keratin fibres, secretion of waxy material into intercellular spaces to waterproof cells

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13
Q

Stratum Spinosum

Type of cells

A

spiny layer, desmosomes (intercellular bridges) link cells together, begins process of cells flattening as they move upwards

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14
Q

Stratum Basale

Type of cells

A

Base, basal layer, Columnar (tall) regenerative cells which migrates upwards to replenish layer above

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15
Q

Epithelial cell types are

A

Squamous (scales), Cuboidal, Columnar

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16
Q

Epidermis epithelial cell type is

A

stratified (layered) squamous epithelium.

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17
Q

Dermis does Not

A

shed, Protein (collagen and elastic) fibres (cross links) provide strength, Vascular (nourishes epidermis), connective tissue.

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18
Q

why do people have Saggy skin

A

As you age you lose strength as the protein fibres are not that rigid.

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19
Q

Hypodermis contains

A

adipose tissue (made of adipocytes), Insulation, Subcutaneous.

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20
Q

Hair (incl location, consists of,)

A

All over body

Hair shaft, hair follicle, arrector pili muscle, sebaceous gland

21
Q

Where is the sebaceous gland and what does it produce

A

on skin where there is hair
Produces sebum a Natural moisturiser/water repellent
Lanolin = sheep sebum (skincare)

22
Q

Acne cause

A

Blockage of hair follicles + infection

23
Q

Sweat glands

A

Eccrine (everywhere, thermoregulation)

Apocrine (specialised)

24
Q

Nails function

A

Protect fingertips, enhance sensation

25
Q

Accessory structures Receptors

A

Tactile
lamellar
Bulbous

26
Q

Skin accesories

A

Hair, Acne, sweat glands, nails, receptors

27
Q

Melanin pigment (What it does, Produced, Transported by)

A

absorb UV light and protects cells from UV damage
Made in melanocytes
Transferred by melanosomes

28
Q

Melanosomes (incl what it can do)

*

A

Vesicles containing melanin
able to proliferate (move along basement membrane)
shed with keratinocytes

29
Q

Melanocytes location why it’s found there

A

deep within epidermis to be protected from UV light as UV damages DNA and can cause cancer

30
Q

Highly pigmented areas

A

Mole and Freckle

31
Q

Mole

A

deep cluster of melanocytes within stratum basali. Overproliferation caused by sun exposure.

32
Q

Freckle

A

melanocytes overproducing melanosomes.

Overproduction Caused by sun exposure

33
Q

Melanocytes location

A

stratum basale only (mainly at the base). Not shed.

34
Q

Melanosomes location

A

throughout the epidermis

35
Q

Melanocytes density varies

A

through body not race

36
Q

why is human skin pigmentation so variable?

A

Different rates of production of melanosomes, keratins, sun exposure, vascularisation

37
Q

Skin pigmentation matches

A

UV exposure (in indigenous populations)

38
Q

Pigmentations correlate with UV exposure. describe pigmentation, skin colour, and UV exposure at each location
At equador
Northern latitudes
Southern latitudes

A
  • high p, darker skin, high UV
  • low p, fairer skin, low UV exposure
  • high p, darker skin, high UV
39
Q

Why is skin pigmentation important?

A

protection against UV by degrading chemicals (folate) which is important for evolution of pigmentation.

40
Q

Vitamin D essential for (incl effects when deficient)

A

normal calcium metabolism and strong bones

deficiency affects mood, cause rickets

41
Q

what is required for vitamin D synthesis?

A

UV exposure in skin

42
Q

2 types of skin cancer

A

Basal cell Carcinoma, Malignant melanoma

43
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

common
benign
Stratum basale
Metastasis rare

44
Q

Malignant melanoma

A 
Rare
Deadly 
Melanocytes (pigmented)
Highly metastatic
Mortality rate depends on tumour size
45
Q

Metastasis

A

Tumour transplants into another site

46
Q

Tattoo

A 
Artificial pigmentation deposited deep in skin
Dermal layer (not shed)
Captured (not broken down) inside immune cells (forms scar tissue to preserve tattoo)
47
Q

lena tattoo pigmentation of lymph nodes

A

broken down - faded

body has limited capacity to deal with pigmentation moves through lymphatic system to lymphnodes.

48
Q

Tattoo types

A

Trauma, decorative
cosmetic (eg brows)
Polynesian - Ta moko (maori), Pe’a (samoan)

49
Q

Skin age

A

thin epidermis and dermis (saggy-wrinkly - lose protein connective tissue lose rigidity)
slower skin repair
drier epidermis (sebaceous gland make less sebum)
Impaired cooling (less sweat)
Less pigmentation (pale skin, grey hair)

HUBS192 (36 decks)

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