Lecture 14 URT Flashcards by kayla w

What is the main role of the Respiratory System?

Provide air for gas exchange

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what must the Surface for gas exchange be?

– Air and blood close but separate (thin)
– Safe location (deep in body - thorax) - protect by ribs and vertebral column
- large SA

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what must the air be for gas exchange?

optimal condition for gas exchange

• Warm, clean, moist

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what else does the respiratory system do?

Produce sounds

Olfaction

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whats the Conducting region?

nasal cavity to bronchioles

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whats the Respiratory region?

Sites of gas exchange = alveoli

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what does the Upper Respiratory Tract (URT) consists of?

– Nose & Nasal cavity
– Paranasal sinuses
– Pharynx (naso, oro, laryngo)

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whats the function of URT?

Conducting passage (not only air)

Prepares air for respiratory membrane (gas exchange)
Paranasal sinuses - resonating chambers for speech
Olfaction – sensory receptors smell

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whats paranasal sinus?

resonating chambers for speech

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whats Olfaction?

sensory receptors smell

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A body system open to the environment is lined with

mucous membrane

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Respiratory Tract

- Mucous membrane

Epithelium on layer of connective tissue (lamina propria)
Epithelium responds to function
Change along length of RS tract

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what type of epithelium Lines chambers when there’s only air contact?

Respiratory epithelium

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what type of epithelium Lines chambers when there’s air and food contact?

stratified squamous

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what type of epithelium Lines chambers when there’s gas exchange?

thin squamous

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URT: Respiratory epithelium

Pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)

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URT: Function -> structure

Clean the incoming air

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what do goblet cells of URT do?

secrete mucous

– Traps material

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what do Ciliated cells of URT do?

Patterned movement -> current of mucus towards the pharynx

– swallowed and hydrolysed (digested) by stomach acid.

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is there less mucous and more cilia or more mucous and less cilia in URT?

Lots of mucous less cilia

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on a cold day what causes nose dribbles / runny nose?

cilia in your nose ‘cool down’ and stop ‘beating’

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what does cigarette smoke do?

paralyses cilia,
increased particles -> increased mucous ->
accumulates ->
cough

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URT epithelium

what does the nose consist of?

– Vestibule (just above/inside the nostrils), is lined with skin that contains sebaceous and sweat glands, and hair follicles (= protection)

– The hairs (vibrissae) filter coarse particles (dust, lint, pollen, ash etc.) from the inhaled air

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whats the vestibule?

just above/inside the nostrils,

is lined with skin that contains sebaceous and sweat glands, and hair follicles (for protection)

whats vibrissae?

hairs that filter coarse particles (dust, lint, pollen, ash etc.) from the inhaled air

URT epithelium what does the nasal cavity consist of?

– Olfactory mucosa | – Patch at the roof of the nasal cavity and contains smell (olfactory) receptors

URT Nose what makes up the nose?

Bridge of nose - 2 nasal bones Nasal cartilages flexible, patent nostrils - exteranl nares (anterior nares)

nose cartilages

– patent/ unobstructed airway | – soft/flexible

URT: Nasal cavity what makes up the nasal cavity?

``` • Lateral walls - three projections – superior, middle and inferior conchae (turbinates) – stuck in mucous – cilia - moved to oropharynx – assists to clean the incoming air ```

what do the superior, middle and inferior conchae (turbinates) of the nasal cavity do?

curved structures on lateral wall create turbulence, heavier particles fall to the epithelial surface

URT: Bones of nasal complex

``` • Nasal cavity • midline nasal septum anterior - hyaline cartilage posterior - bone • Roof • Floor • conchae - on lateral walls ```

what are the facial and cranial bones?

``` Frontal Nasal Palatine Maxilla Vomer Sphenoid Ethmoid ```

what is a sinus?

cavity within a bone – normally air filled)

what paranasal sinuses surround the nose?

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and | maxillary sinuses

URT: Paranasal Sinuses drain into the

pharynx

whats are the Paranasal Sinuses functions?

– lighten skull – Increase area of RS epithelium (mucosa) – clean, warm and moisten air – sound resonance

blocked sinuses

Infected mucus can block the drainage

Lamina Propria

Epithelium lies on a layer of connective tissue | - Plexus of thin walled veins

what does the URT: lamina propria Plexus of thin walled veins do?

Help to warm the incoming air (act as a radiator).

what happens to the Plexus of thin walled veins if air temp drops?

vascular plexus dilates (a greater volume of warm blood), greater heat transfer.

where do nose bleeds originate from?

damage to these lamina propria plexus thin-walled | veins

what are the 3 pharynx of URT?

Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

Nasopharynx

Choanae -> tip of soft palate Auditory tube opening Air only – RS epithelium

Oropharynx

Soft palate -> hyoid bone Air and food Stratified squamous

Laryngopharynx

Hyoid bone -> opening of larynx Air and food Stratified squamous

Lower RT: Larynx where is larynx located?

Anterior/inferior to esophagus

Lower RT: Larynx what is it made of?

Plates of cartilage – protects and maintains open airway

Lower RT: Larynx what does it do?

Air only passage – Surrounds, protects glottis (voicebox) – produces sound – Swallowing, food has the ‘right of way’, no breathing

what happens when larynx close?

epiglottis pushed over to cover airway entry

draw larynx structure | ant view

``` epiglottis Hyoid bone thyroid laryngeal prominence cricoid cartilage rings trachea ```

draw larynx structure | sag view

``` thyroid Vestibular fold Vocal fold (vocal chord) cricoid arytenoid synovial joint -muscles to move vocal chords ```

draw larynx structure | post view

epiglottis thyroid arytenoid complex cricoid

URT: Larynx – sound production

Membranes and ligaments lined with mucous membrane arytenoid complex - Group of paired cartilages – arytenoid largest Rima glottidis Vocal fold Vestibular fold

What type of epithelium lines most of the upper respiratory tract?

pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium containing goblet cells

What is the main function of pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium containing goblet cells epithelium?

to warm, humidify (moisten) and clean inhaled air

What is the main function of the epiglottis?

to protect the airway

``` Which of the following structures is NOT lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium? A. frontal sinus B. nasopharynx C. trachea D. oropharynx E. superior conchae ```

D. oropharynx

What feature of the mucous membrane is very important in warming the incoming air?

the thin walled veins form an extensive plexus in the lamina propria and they dilate in the cold so there is more warm blood to warm incoming air