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HUBS192 > Lecture 14 URT > Flashcards

Lecture 14 URT Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main role of the Respiratory System?

A

Provide air for gas exchange

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2
Q

what must the Surface for gas exchange be?

A

– Air and blood close but separate (thin)
– Safe location (deep in body - thorax) - protect by ribs and vertebral column
- large SA

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3
Q

what must the air be for gas exchange?

A

optimal condition for gas exchange

• Warm, clean, moist

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4
Q

what else does the respiratory system do?

A

Produce sounds

Olfaction

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5
Q

whats the Conducting region?

A

nasal cavity to bronchioles

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6
Q

whats the Respiratory region?

A

Sites of gas exchange = alveoli

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7
Q

what does the Upper Respiratory Tract (URT) consists of?

A

– Nose & Nasal cavity
– Paranasal sinuses
– Pharynx (naso, oro, laryngo)

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8
Q

whats the function of URT?

A

Conducting passage (not only air)

  • Prepares air for respiratory membrane (gas exchange)
  • Paranasal sinuses - resonating chambers for speech
  • Olfaction – sensory receptors smell
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9
Q

whats paranasal sinus?

A

resonating chambers for speech

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10
Q

whats Olfaction?

A

sensory receptors smell

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11
Q

A body system open to the environment is lined with

A

mucous membrane

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12
Q

Respiratory Tract

- Mucous membrane

A

Epithelium on layer of connective tissue (lamina propria)
Epithelium responds to function
Change along length of RS tract

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13
Q

what type of epithelium Lines chambers when there’s only air contact?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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14
Q

what type of epithelium Lines chambers when there’s air and food contact?

A

stratified squamous

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15
Q

what type of epithelium Lines chambers when there’s gas exchange?

A

thin squamous

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16
Q

URT: Respiratory epithelium

A

Pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)

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17
Q

URT: Function -> structure

A

Clean the incoming air

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18
Q

what do goblet cells of URT do?

A

secrete mucous

– Traps material

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19
Q

what do Ciliated cells of URT do?

A

Patterned movement -> current of mucus towards the pharynx

– swallowed and hydrolysed (digested) by stomach acid.

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20
Q

is there less mucous and more cilia or more mucous and less cilia in URT?

A

Lots of mucous less cilia

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21
Q

on a cold day what causes nose dribbles / runny nose?

A

cilia in your nose ‘cool down’ and stop ‘beating’

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22
Q

what does cigarette smoke do?

A

paralyses cilia,
increased particles -> increased mucous ->
accumulates ->
cough

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23
Q

URT epithelium

what does the nose consist of?

A

– Vestibule (just above/inside the nostrils), is lined with skin that contains sebaceous and sweat glands, and hair follicles (= protection)

– The hairs (vibrissae) filter coarse particles (dust, lint, pollen, ash etc.) from the inhaled air

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24
Q

whats the vestibule?

A

just above/inside the nostrils,

is lined with skin that contains sebaceous and sweat glands, and hair follicles (for protection)

25
Q

whats vibrissae?

A

hairs that filter coarse particles (dust, lint, pollen, ash etc.) from the inhaled air

26
Q

URT epithelium

what does the nasal cavity consist of?

A

– Olfactory mucosa

– Patch at the roof of the nasal cavity and contains smell (olfactory) receptors

27
Q

URT Nose

what makes up the nose?

A

Bridge of nose
- 2 nasal bones

Nasal cartilages

flexible, patent

nostrils
- exteranl nares (anterior nares)

28
Q

nose cartilages

A

– patent/ unobstructed airway

– soft/flexible

29
Q

URT: Nasal cavity

what makes up the nasal cavity?

A 
• Lateral walls - three projections
– superior, middle and inferior conchae (turbinates)
– stuck in mucous
– cilia - moved to oropharynx
– assists to clean the incoming air
30
Q

what do the superior, middle and inferior conchae (turbinates) of the nasal cavity do?

A

curved structures on lateral wall

create turbulence, heavier particles fall to the epithelial surface

31
Q

URT: Bones of nasal complex

A 
• Nasal cavity
• midline nasal septum 
anterior - hyaline cartilage
posterior - bone
• Roof
• Floor
• conchae - on lateral walls
32
Q

what are the facial and cranial bones?

A 
Frontal
Nasal
Palatine
Maxilla
Vomer
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
33
Q

what is a sinus?

A

cavity within a bone – normally air filled)

34
Q

what paranasal sinuses surround the nose?

A

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and

maxillary sinuses

35
Q

URT: Paranasal Sinuses drain into the

A

pharynx

36
Q

whats are the Paranasal Sinuses functions?

A

– lighten skull
– Increase area of RS epithelium (mucosa)
– clean, warm and moisten air
– sound resonance

37
Q

blocked sinuses

A

Infected mucus can block the drainage

38
Q

Lamina Propria

A

Epithelium lies on a layer of connective tissue

- Plexus of thin walled veins

39
Q

what does the URT: lamina propria Plexus of thin walled veins do?

A

Help to warm the incoming air (act as a radiator).

40
Q

what happens to the Plexus of thin walled veins if air temp drops?

A

vascular plexus dilates (a
greater volume of warm blood),
greater heat transfer.

41
Q

where do nose bleeds originate from?

A

damage to these lamina propria plexus thin-walled

veins

42
Q

what are the 3 pharynx of URT?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

43
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Choanae -> tip of soft palate
Auditory tube opening
Air only – RS epithelium

44
Q

Oropharynx

A

Soft palate -> hyoid bone
Air and food
Stratified squamous

45
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Hyoid bone -> opening of larynx
Air and food
Stratified squamous

46
Q

Lower RT: Larynx

where is larynx located?

A

Anterior/inferior to esophagus

47
Q

Lower RT: Larynx

what is it made of?

A

Plates of cartilage – protects and maintains open airway

48
Q

Lower RT: Larynx

what does it do?

A

Air only passage

– Surrounds, protects glottis (voicebox) – produces sound

– Swallowing, food has the ‘right of way’, no breathing

49
Q

what happens when larynx close?

A

epiglottis pushed over to cover airway entry

50
Q

draw larynx structure

ant view

A 
epiglottis
Hyoid bone
thyroid
laryngeal prominence
cricoid
cartilage rings trachea
51
Q

draw larynx structure

sag view

A 
thyroid
Vestibular fold
Vocal fold (vocal chord)
cricoid
arytenoid
synovial joint -muscles to move vocal chords
52
Q

draw larynx structure

post view

A

epiglottis
thyroid
arytenoid complex
cricoid

53
Q

URT: Larynx – sound production

A

Membranes and ligaments lined with mucous membrane

arytenoid complex - Group of paired cartilages – arytenoid largest
Rima glottidis
Vocal fold
Vestibular fold

54
Q

What type of epithelium lines most of the upper respiratory tract?

A

pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium containing goblet cells

55
Q

What is the main function of pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium containing goblet cells epithelium?

A

to warm, humidify (moisten) and clean inhaled air

56
Q

What is the main function of the epiglottis?

A

to protect the airway

57
Q 
Which of the following structures is NOT lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
A. frontal sinus
B. nasopharynx
C. trachea
D. oropharynx
E. superior conchae
A

D. oropharynx

58
Q

What feature of the mucous membrane is very important in warming the incoming air?

A

the thin walled veins form an extensive plexus in the lamina propria and they dilate in the cold so there is more warm blood to warm incoming air

HUBS192 (36 decks)

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