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HUBS192 > Lecture 29 Nephron > Flashcards

Lecture 29 Nephron Flashcards

1
Q

whats the nephron?

A

Microscopic functional unit of the kidney
Approx. 1 million per kidney
Responsible for urine formation

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2
Q

what are the types of nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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3
Q

whats Cortical nephrons?

A

85%

Lie mainly in cortex

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4
Q

whats Juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Extend deep into medulla
From renal corpuscle
Important for formation of concentrated urine
Not much water, other solutes remain

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5
Q

whats the function of nephron?

A
  • Selectively filter blood
  • Return to blood anything to be kept
  • Carry waste away for storage & expulsion
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6
Q

what is Each nephron comprised of?

A

– A Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule
– Renal tubules
– A collecting duct

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7
Q

what is Each nephron associated with?

A

– A glomerulus

– Peritubular capillaries

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8
Q

whats Glomerular capillaries specialised for?

A

filtration

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9
Q

whats Glomerular capillaries?

A

Thin walled single layer of fenestrated endothelial cells

Fed and drained by arterioles

Blood pressure here is tightly regulated

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10
Q

what are Peritubular capillaries specialised for?

A

absorption

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11
Q

whats Peritubular capillaries?

A

Wrap around renal tubules
Carries filtered blood from efferent arteriole
Receives reabsorbed filtrate from nephron
Can secrete into nephron
Vasa recta

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12
Q

whats Vasa recta?

A

Extensions that follow loops of Henle deep into the medulla

Only found with juxtamedullary nephrons

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13
Q

whats the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus enclosed by the Bowman’s capsule
Where capillary and nephron meet
Site of filtration barrier

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14
Q

whats the Bowman’s capsule?

A

First part of nephron

Between the 2 layers is the Bowman’s space (aka capsular space/urinary space) which receives filtrate

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15
Q

whats the 2 layers of Bowman’s capsule?

A

Outer parietal layer of simple squamous cells

Inner visceral layer of podocytes

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16
Q

whats the outer parietal layer made of in the bowmans capsule?

A

simple squamous cells

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17
Q

whats the Inner visceral layer made of in the bowmans capsule?

A

podocytes

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18
Q

whats the bowmans space (aka capsular space/urinary space)?

A

space between the outer parietal layer and inner visceral layer which receives filtrate.

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19
Q

whats podocytes?

A

Surround the glomerular capillaries
Very branched, very specialised epithelium
Branches form intertwining foot processes called pedicels

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20
Q

whats filtration slits?

A

form between pedicels

Filtered blood (filtrate) goes through these slits and passes into Bowman’s space

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21
Q

whats the Filtration barrier (blood-urine barrier/glomerular capsular membrane)?

A
  • Lies between blood and Bowman’s space
  • Allows free passage of water and small molecules
  • Restricts passage of most proteins
  • RBCs are not filtered into nephron
22
Q

whats the 3 layers of Filtration barrier?

A

– Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary
– Fused basement membrane
– Filtration slits between the pedicels of the podocytes

23
Q

Which two structures form the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus and bowman capsule

24
Q 
Which of the following is not a component of the blood-urine barrier:
A. Fused basement membrane
B. Filtration slits
C. Podocytes
D. Pedicels
E. Sinusoidal endothelium
A

E. Sinusoidal endothelium

25
Q

What happens after filtration?

A

Not everything that is filtered is excreted.
Some filtrate is reabsorbed.
Some of what wasn’t filtered is secreted into the nephron

26
Q

urine =

A

filtered - reabsorbed + secreted

27
Q

whats the Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A

Bulk reabsorption

Surrounded by peritubular capillaries

28
Q

whats the structure of the Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A 
Cuboidal epithelial cells
Dense microvilli (brush border) on luminal membrane
Highly folded basolateral membrane
Many mitochondria for active transport
Leaky epithelium
29
Q

whats the loop of henle?

A

Only part of tubule to penetrate the medulla.

Different permeabilities to water and sodium

Length is important in production of highly concentrated or very dilute urine

Surrounded by vasa recta (juxtamedullary nephrons only)

30
Q

for the loop of henle

what epithelium makes up...
the thick descending limb?
the thin descending limb?
the thin ascending limb?
the thick ascending limb?
A
  • similar to PCT structure
  • Simple squamous
  • simple squamous
  • similar to DCT structure
31
Q

whats the Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?

A

Fine tuning

Cuboidal epithelium, but thinner than PCT

32
Q

whats the structure of the Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?

A

Few microvilli = no brush border

Fewer mitochondria

Reabsorption influenced mainly by Aldosterone

33
Q

whats the Collecting duct?

A

Fine tuning

Filtrate from several DCTs drains into one collecting duct, which empty at papilla

34
Q

whats the structure of the Collecting duct?

A 
Wall of simple cuboidal epithelium
Principal cells (Reabsorption)
Intercalated cells (Acid/Base balance)
35
Q

whats reabsorption of the collecting duct influenced by?

A

ADH, through use of aquaporins

36
Q

what are principal cells of the collecting duct used for?

A

Reabsorption

37
Q

what are Intercalated cells of the collecting duct used for?

A

Acid/Base balance

38
Q

histology of the nephron

what does the renal corpuscle consist of?

A

squamous epithelium of parietal layer of bowmans capsule
bowmans capsular space
Glomerulus

39
Q

histology of the nephron

proximal convoluted tubule

A

fuzzy lumen due to long microvilli

40
Q

histology of the nephron

distal convoluted tubule

A

clear lumen

41
Q

whats the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

A

Specialised zone in every nephron

Controls glomerular filtration rate, ensuring system working at full capacity

Stabilises blood pressure

42
Q

wheres the JGA located?

A

where DCT lies against afferent arteriole

43
Q

what specialized cells does DCT have and what do they do?

A

Macula densa cells.
Chemoreceptors.
Detect Na levels in filtrate

44
Q

what specialized cells does JGA have and what do they do?

A

Afferent arteriole:
juxtaglomerular cells.
Mechanoreceptors.
Detect blood pressure

45
Q

what are JGA cells?

A
  • Detect pressure
  • No stretch - low pressure
  • Sends signal to cause changes on filtration rate
46
Q 
The cells that form the visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule are called:
A. Pedicels
B. Podocytes
C. Mesangial cells
D. Filtration slits
E. Macula densa
A

B. Podocytes

47
Q 
The cells of the JGA on the afferent arteriole are called:
A. Juxtamedullary
B. Macula densa
C. Mesangial cells
D. Juxtaglomerular
E. Podocytes
A

D. Juxtaglomerular

48
Q

What type of epithelial cells would you find in the Loop of Henle?

A

cuboidal with microvilli brush border at part closest to PCT, simple squamous, cuboidal with few microvilli at part closest to DCT

49
Q

Name the two capillary beds associated with the nephron.

A

Glomerular and peritubular

50
Q

Which type of nephron is most important for the production of concentrated urine?

A

juxtamedullary

HUBS192 (36 decks)

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