Lecture 36 Female reproductive system Flashcards
1
Q
whats are the functions of the Female reproductive system?
A
- To produce oocytes (female gamete)
- Transport ova and spermatozoa to the appropriate site for fertilization
- Provides a site for the developing embryo and fetus to grow – protection, nourishment
- Delivery of fetus
2
Q
whats the Female Perineum?
A
Region inferior to the pelvic floor and between upper region of the thighs
3
Q
whats the 2 parts the Female Perineum divided into?
A
- Urogenital triangle: External genitalia = vulva.
* Anal triangle: anus
4
Q
whats the Urogenital triangle?
A
urethra vulva (external genitalia)
5
Q
Whats the vulva also known as?
A
Pudendum
6
Q
Whats the different regions of the vulva?
A
Mons pubis
Labia (2 major and minor)
7
Q
whats the Mons pubis?
A
- Pubic mountain
- Layer of adipose tissue that lies in front (over) the pubic symphysis
- Where pubic hair grows
8
Q
what are the 2 sets of the labia?
A
- major (labia majora) - larger and more lateral
* minor (labia minora) - smaller and more medial
9
Q
whats the major (labia majora)?
A
larger and more lateral
10
Q
whats the minor (labia minora)?
A
smaller and more medial
11
Q
within the labia minora theres an area of tissue called the what?
A
Vestibule
12
Q
what does the Vestibule surround?
A
urethra and vagina
13
Q
where are vestibular glands and what is its function?
A
lubricate the vaginal orifice.
14
Q
where does the Labia minora spreads around?
A
vagina and urethral (meatus) openings
15
Q
whats the 2 vestibular glands?
A
Lesser vestibular glands
Greater vestibular glands
16
Q
whats the vestibule?
A
space between labia minora and is associated with vagina
17
Q
wheres the vestibular glands?
A
Deep to the labia
18
Q
where does the Labia minora spread around?
A
vagina and the urethral (meatus) openings
19
Q
whats Lesser vestibular glands?
A
Open more anteriorly within vestibule
Function to lubricate the vestibule and keep it moist
20
Q
whats Greater vestibular glands role?
A
during arousal, provide lubrication of vestibule and vagina (inferior part) during arousal
21
Q
wheres Greater vestibular glands located?
A
under the labia minora
22
Q
whats clitoris?
A
Complex erectile organ
Developmentally homologous to the penis
23
Q
what are the clitoris erectile tissues?
A
Glans,
body,
2 crura (1 on each side of glans),
2 bulbs (Plura) of vestibule
24
Q
Greater vestibular glands help
A
Lubricate vagina and vestibule during arousal
25
does the urethra pass through clitoris?
no
| Urethra has separate opening
26
Whats the 2 regions the perineum is divided into?
Urogenital triangle
| Anal triangle
27
Which triangle contains the female external genitalia?
Urogenital
28
What is the female external genitalia known as?
Vulva
29
What does the vulva incorporate?
```
Mons pubis
Labia majora
Labia minora
Vestibule
Vestibular glands
Clitoris
```
30
What are the structures of the internal female reproductive tract?
```
–Ovary
–Uterine tubes
–Uterus
–Cervix
–Vagina
```
31
whats ovary?
Female gonad
| Where oocytes produced
32
At time of ovulation an oocyte will be released into the ______ and will be gathered up by the _____ at the end of the _______ and gather into the _____ tube
pelvic cavity
fimbriae
infundibulum
uterine
33
whats Most lateral portion of the uterine tube?
Infundibulum (funnel shaped) with fimbriae (fingerlike projections) at end
34
whats Greatest length of the uterine tube?
Ampulla (usual site for fertilisation)
35
From ampulla into region called the
isthmus
36
Isthmus opens up into
Lumen of uterus
37
Uterus incorporates 2 main parts what are they?
Body of uterus (also includes fundas)
| Cervix
38
whats Uterus function?
Allows transport of sperm up to the site of fertilisation (ampulla)
39
what actions occurs in the endometrium of the uterus?
implantation, foetus development, placenta forms - gas exchange, nutrition between foetus and mother
40
whats cervix?
Regulates sperm transport of menstrual cycle
| Protrudes into the top of vagina
41
Whats the gap between the wall of the vagina and wall of cervix called?
Fornix
42
whats the vagina part of?
birth canal
43
Posterior view of female
| pathway
Ovary (produce oocytes)
Uterine tube (infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus)
Uterus body with fundus (lined by endometrium)
Cervix
Fornix
Vagina
44
Part of the uterine tube that has fimbriae
Infundibulum
45
Part of the uterine tube that is the longest
Ampulla
46
Part of the uterine tube that leads into the uterus
Isthmus
47
Body of the uterus there is a domed like structure called the
Fundus of uterus lined by endometrium
48
Cervix protrudes into the top of the
Vagina
49
what happens During process of ovulation?
Fimbriae of infundibulum will cover ovary and try get the ovulated oocyte into the uterine tube
50
Oocyte travel up to the
Ampulla
51
Ampulla
Common site of fertilisation
52
Down from ampulla in region will go into the uterine lumen known as
Isthmus
53
Isthmus
Narrow passage
| Allows sperm to travel up or fertilized oocyte (known as blastocyst) down into the uterine lumen
54
the Uterus is lined by endometrium which allows
Remodelling
Implantation
Developing embryo
Formation of placenta (gas exchange, nutrients)
Has muscular tube that has to push and contract to allow birth to occur
55
The gap between walls of cervix and vagina
Fornix
56
What are the layers that make up the wall of the uterus?
| from outer to inner
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
57
whats Perimetrium?
Outer layer wall of uterus
| Connective tissue
58
whats Myometrium?
Middle layer wall of uterus
| Thick smooth muscle
59
whats Endometrium?
Inner layer / mucosa wall of uterus
columnar epithelium,
uterine glands
arteries
60
what layer of the uterus wall grows and sheds during menstrual cycle?
Endometrium breaks down and bleeds.
61
whats the 2 regions of the endometrium?
```
Functional layer (functionalis)
Basal layer (stratum basalis) - Next to myometrium
```
62
what does Functionalis endothelium do?
Remodelling
Growth
Maturation
Breaks down and bleeds during female menstruation
63
Cervix is part of the
uterus
64
Lumen of uterus is separated from the vagina via
Cervical canal
65
Whats at the interior part of the cervical canal?
Opening is known as internal os
66
The opening into the vagina of the cervical canal is known as
External os
67
what provides passage between uterine cavity and vagina?
Cervical canal
68
what does the cervix consist of?
* External os
* Cervical canal
* Internal os
69
what does the cervix do?
* Produces cervical mucus
| * Regulates sperm transport
70
what does the cervical mucus do?
protect uterus against infection and regulates sperm transport into uterus
71
what is the consistency of the cervical mucous during ovulation?
thin and watery to allow movement of the sperm through the cervix
72
what is the consistency of the cervical mucous after ovulation?
Thicker and more viscous
More inhibitory for movement of sperm
Better at protection for any infection travelling up the uterus
73
At top of vagina is the
Cervix with the external os
| And the gap known as the fornix
74
Vagina extends from
Top of the cervix down to perineum where it opens out into the vestibule of the vulva
75
what are the 2 functions of the vagina?
Copulatory organ
| Part of the birth canal
76
what is the vagina?
• Fibromuscular, distensible female copulatory organ
77
where does the vagina lie and extend from?
* Lies between the urinary bladder & rectum
| * Extends from the perineum to the cervix
78
where does the blood supply for the female reproductive tract comes from?
direct branches off the abdominal aorta and internal iliac arteries (often anastomose/connect)
79
what supplies blood to ovary?
Ovarian artery that arise from the abdominal aorta
80
what supplies blood to uterus?
Uterine artery (spiral arteries) that arise from the common internal iliac arteries
81
what supplies blood to vagina?
Vagina artery that arise from the common internal iliac arteries and uterine artery
82
straight arteries feed into what layer of the endometrium?
basal layer of the endometrium
83
Spiral arterioles feed into what layer of the endometrium?
functional layer
| main source of bleeding during menstruation
84
What are the three regions that make up the uterine tubes?
Infundibulum
Ampulla
isthmus
85
Where does fertilization occurs?
Ampulla of uterine tube
86
What are the three layers in the uterus?
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
87
What does the The uterus consists of?
Body (with fundus)
| Cervix.
88
What is a fibromuscular copulatory organ that also functions as part of the birth canal?
Vagina
89
whats Ovary (female gonad) 2 functions?
Produce female gametes oocytes (site of oogenesis)
| Produce hormones - estradiol, progesterone, inhibin
90
whats the structure of ovary?
```
Outer cortex (follicles) where you find oocytes
Inner medulla where you find CT, blood /lymphatics and nerves
```
91
whats follicles?
outer cortex in ovary
| where oocytes develop
92
what are the stages of Ovary follicles?
```
Primordial follicles
Primary ovarian follicle
Secondary ovarian follicle
Tertiary ovarian follicle
Ruptured follicle
```
93
what does ruptured follicle do?
Ovulates out a mature oocyte
Oocyte released into pelvic cavity
Fimbriae close by to take up oocyte into the uterine tube and head for fertilisation
94
When the follicle ruptures the follicle begins to
Differentiate and change and forms corpus luteum
95
what does the Corpus luteum do?
Main source of progesterone during menstrual cycle
96
what happens At the end of menstrual cycle and there is no pregnancy?
corpus luteum will involute and breakdown and form a small tissue known as corpus albicans
97
Ligaments function of the Female Reproductive System
Hold uterus in appropriate place within pelvic cavity
98
what creates other ligaments of the Female Reproductive System?
Peritoneum folds and presses over structures
99
what are the ligaments of the Female Reproductive System?
* Broad ligament
* Ovarian ligament
* Suspensory ligament
* Round ligament
100
where does ovarian ligament attach?
lateral surface of the ovary and lateral surface of the uterus more posteriorly
101
where does Suspensory ligament attach?
Lateral surface of ovary (one closest to the body wall), tucks in under uterine tube and then out towards the pelvic side wall
102
ovarian artery/veins supply to the ovary from via
The suspensory ligament
103
Ovarian artery branch from the abdominal aorta travels in via
The suspensory ligament into and around the ovary and reproductive tissues
104
where does the round ligament extend?
adjacent to uterine tube and heads down via the inguinal canal down to the labia majora
anterior
105
whats broad ligament?
2 folds/sheets adjacent to each other of the peritoneum where joins together
goes over part of the ovary as it goes up over the the uterine tubes and the uterus
106
what are the 3 regions of the broad ligament?
Mesometrium (of the womb/uterus)
Mesosalpinx (uterine tube)
Mesovarium
107
does the broad ligament cover the ovary completely? and why?
No
when ovulation occurs the oocytes are ovulated out into the pelvic cavity
means the infundibulum opens out into the pelvic cavity, not covered with peritoneum
108
what does the Sheet of peritoneum cover?
Fundus and body of uterus
Uterine tube
Ovary
109
wheres the peritoneum of Mesometrium?
Adjacent to uterus
110
wheres the peritoneum of Mesovarium?
folded over the ovary
111
wheres the peritoneum of Mesosalpinx ?
over the uterine tube, 2 folds together
112
whats the vesicouterine pouch?
Continuous fold of broad ligament (visceral peritoneum) over anteriorly located bladder
113
whats the rectouterine pouch?
Continuous fold of broad ligament (visceral
| peritoneum) over posteriorly located rectum
114
what do pouches (rectouterine and vesicouterine) provide?
Space for developing embryo/foetus to grow and then take place in the abdominal cavity
115
whats the function of Breasts (mammary glands)?
nourish infants.
116
where do mammary glands lie?
on pectoralis major muscles.
117
what hormones stimulate the growth of breast tissue?
Estradiol and progesterone
118
Breasts (mammary glands)
adipose
estradiol and progesterone
pectoralis major muscle
119
mammary glands made up of
lobes
- >lobules
- > alveoli
- > lactiferous ducts
- > lactiferous sinuses (that open at nipple pores)
120
what ligaments support the mammary gland?
Suspensory ligaments thats then attached to pectoralis muscle
121
whats Alveoli responsible for?
Production and secretion of the milk
122
wheres Milk transported through?
Lactiferous ducts then into lactiferous sinuses
123
what do lactiferous sinuses serve as?
a reservoir for milk
124
What is the female gonad and is the source of female gametes (oocytes) and hormones?
Ovary
125
Oocytes are found within follicles, which are found where in the ovary?
Cortex
126
Female reproductive structures are held in place by a complicated network of ligaments that:
Anchor and support
Have vasculature and nerves running through them
Form anatomical boundaries (i.e. pouches)
127
Ovaries posterior and lateral
To the uterus
128
To the uterus
Bladder
129
Name the layers of the uterine wall from outermost to innermost. Which layer is shed during menstruation?
Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
| The endometrium is shed during menstruation
130
Which artery associated with the female reproductive tract branches directly off the abdominal aorta? Which ligament does this artery run through?
Ovarian artery
| Runs through the suspensory ligament
131
Name the fingerlike projections on the infundibulum. What is their purpose?
Fimbriae
| Help guide the oocyte to the opening of the uterine tube
