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HUBS192 > Lecture 10 Controlling the heart and blood pressure > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Controlling the heart and blood pressure Flashcards

1
Q

The left ventricle pressurises the

A

systemic circulation

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2
Q

High pressure in the large systemic arteries

A

Linked to ventricular contraction and ejection of blood.

Pulsatile in major arteries (systolic / diastolic).

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3
Q

Arterial blood pressure curve

A

Rises and falls
High point pressure is systolic
Low point pressure is diastolic

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4
Q

Blood pressure in arteries

A

Always high

Rises and falls in a narrow range

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5
Q

Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)

A

Driving force important
determinant of blood flow

High

Sacrifice anything else to maintain the MAP high

Unidirectional flow

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6
Q

If MAP falls

A

The difference between arteries and veins will become much less

Greatly reduce the flow through the system

The blood will not get to our extremities (brain)

Major problem

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7
Q

what do you need to get unidirectional flow of blood in our system?

A

high mean arterial blood pressure

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8
Q

What drives unidirectional flow of blood is

A

Difference in pressure between the arteries and veins

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9
Q

Vein pressure

A

Very Low

Doesn’t contribute to the difference very much

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10
Q

Q = ΔP/R

A

Q = flow

ΔP = Large difference in pressure between the arterial and venous sides.

R = Resistance

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11
Q

What creates the driving force for blood flow?

A

High to low pressure

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12
Q

What maintains arterial blood volume and blood pressure?

A

Ejection of blood into the arterial system

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13
Q

What determines arterial blood pressure

A

Amount of blood flow into arteries

Amount of blood flow out of arteries

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14
Q

Arteries

A 
rigid
thick tunica media
low compliance
pressure on blood is driven by amount of blood in arteries
more blood in (higher pressure)
more blood out (lower pressure)
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15
Q

Blood flow in to arteries

volume and pressure

A

fills arteries

increases arterial blood volume and pressure

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16
Q

Blood flow in

A

Ejected blood from heart
Ventricle contracts
Cardiac output

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17
Q

what effects blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output and arterial resistance

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18
Q

Cardiac output

A

Amount of blood sending out into the vessels

or pushed from heart every heart beat

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19
Q

Blood flow out of arteries

volume and pressure

A

Drains arteries

Decreases arterial blood volume and pressure

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20
Q

What is arterial blood volume and pressure determined by?

A

balance between blood flow in and out

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21
Q

Blood flow out

A

Drains out of arteries into capillaries (capillary flow)

Controlled by resistance of the arteries

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22
Q

Balance of mean arterial pressure is coming from

A

Blood flow into arteries

Resistance of the flow out of arteries

23
Q

Increase MAP

Balance flow in / out determines pressure

A

Increase cardiac output (heart pushes more blood into arteries) increase inflow

Increase resistance (decrease outflow)

Increase arterial volume and pressure

24
Q

Arterial pressure
Cardiac output
Total peripheral resistance

equation

A

MAP = CO x TPR

25
Q

Pressure
Flow
Resistance

equation

A

P = Q x R

26
Q

What is cardiac output determined by?

incl equation

A

Stroke Volume
Heart Rate

CO = SV x HR

27
Q

Cardiac output

incl units

A

Amount of blood coming out of the heart and going into arteries

L/min

28
Q

Stroke volume

incl units

A

Amount of blood pushed out of the heart for each beat

L/beat

Pulse strength

29
Q

The higher the stroke volume

A

the stronger the heart beat

more blood gets pushed out

30
Q

Heart rate

incl units

A

Number of times heart is beating

beats/min

Pulse speed

31
Q

What do you need if you drain more blood out (exercise)?

A

more blood in to maintain MAP (at a constant rate)

32
Q

To increase cardiac output…

A

Increase heart rate

Increase stroke volume

33
Q

How does the system know what’s going on with MAP?

A

Coordinated via the brainstem
Afferent input from both CNS and periphery
Efferent output to heart and vessels

34
Q

Afferent input

A

Signal coming into the brain about blood pressure.

from both CNS and periphery

35
Q

Efferent output

A

Signal the brain is sending out to the body about blood pressure.

to heart and vessels

36
Q

Why can The heart beat without any input from the brain?

A

The pacemaking function comes from SA node

37
Q

What are blood pressure sensors?

A

Baroreceptors

38
Q

Baroreceptors

what is it, location, receptors, signal type

A

Sensors of blood pressure

Located on aortic arch (above heart) and carotid artery (on either side of neck)

Stretch receptors (any stretch reduction of artery)

Afferent signal

39
Q

What happens if blood pressure goes up?

vessels, receptors, signal type

A

More blood going into vessels

Vessels will stretch

Baroreceptors sense the stretch of the artery walls and sends signal to brain

Brain knows blood pressure is up (and makes a move to get back to baseline)

Afferent signal

40
Q

what happens If blood pressure falls?

vessels, receptors, signal type

A

Vessels will contract a bit

Less stretch of vessel wall

Baroreceptors will reduce signal down

Brain knows blood pressure is down (and makes a move to get back to baseline)

Afferent signal

41
Q

What does the brain do in response to cardiac output?

A

Send efferent output to adjust cardiac output

42
Q

what are the 2 systems the brain uses to change cardiac output?

A

Parasympathetic system

Sympathetic system

43
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

Rest and digest
Sleeping, relaxing, eating, digesting food
brake

44
Q

Sympathetic system

A

Fight or flight response
Danger, exercise,
Drives system to work harder
Accelerator

45
Q

What system do you stimulate if you want the cardio system to work faster?

A

Sympathetic system to get system working harder

46
Q

What system do you stimulate if you want the cardio system to work slower?

A

Parasympathetic system to get system working slow

47
Q

Brain coordinates the 2 systems and the amount of signal it sends down the pathways determines

A

What the cardiac output of the heart is

48
Q 
Parasympathetic pathway
(use pathway why, signal type, sends signal through, vagus nerve connection between, signal tells, result)
A

High blood pressure
Reduce pressure

Efferent output signal from the brain

Brain sends signal directly to heart through vagus nerve

Vagus nerve connects brain directly to SA node and AV node in the heart

Tells SA node to Slow down fewer beats/min

Tells AV node to lengthen the pause

Slower heart rate

49
Q

SA node

A

Sets a pace for heart contraction

50
Q

AV node

A

pause before it allows the SA node to continue down into the ventricles.

51
Q

blood pressure is high

A

Bring it down
Reduce amount of flow out of heart
Slows heart rate down

52
Q 
Sympathetic pathway
(use pathway why, signal type, sends signal through, where the nerves go to, signal tells, result)
A

Low blood pressure
Increase pressure

Efferent signal from brain

Sends sympathetic signals to SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibres and into ventricular walls

signal goes into spinal column, and into the sympathetic chain/trunk ganglion (set of nerves), the nerves go directly to the SA node and AV node

Tells SA node to send more signals quicker for more contractions

Tells AV node to shorter the pause

Signal goes into the ventricular wall to stimulate the cells to release more calcium

Increases heart rate
Increase stroke volume
Increases blood flow into arteries

53
Q

To get a stronger heartbeat

A

Release more calcium into the system

Cause more actin and myosin interactions

Increase cross bridge formations

More pulling on actin filaments

Stronger stroke volume

54
Q

Tilted upright from supine (lying) position effects

stroke volume, cardiac output, heart rate, MAP, TPR

A

Decrease a lot stroke volume quick

Decrease cardiac output (less than SV)

Increase heart rate

MAP barely moved (constant high)

Increase TPR (vascular resistance)

Gravity

HUBS192 (36 decks)

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