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HUBS192 > Lecture 10 Controlling the heart and blood pressure > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Controlling the heart and blood pressure Flashcards

1
Q

The left ventricle pressurises the

A

systemic circulation

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2
Q

High pressure in the large systemic arteries

A

Linked to ventricular contraction and ejection of blood.

Pulsatile in major arteries (systolic / diastolic).

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3
Q

Arterial blood pressure curve

A

Rises and falls
High point pressure is systolic
Low point pressure is diastolic

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4
Q

Blood pressure in arteries

A

Always high

Rises and falls in a narrow range

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5
Q

Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)

A

Driving force important
determinant of blood flow

High

Sacrifice anything else to maintain the MAP high

Unidirectional flow

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6
Q

If MAP falls

A

The difference between arteries and veins will become much less

Greatly reduce the flow through the system

The blood will not get to our extremities (brain)

Major problem

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7
Q

what do you need to get unidirectional flow of blood in our system?

A

high mean arterial blood pressure

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8
Q

What drives unidirectional flow of blood is

A

Difference in pressure between the arteries and veins

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9
Q

Vein pressure

A

Very Low

Doesn’t contribute to the difference very much

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10
Q

Q = ΔP/R

A

Q = flow

ΔP = Large difference in pressure between the arterial and venous sides.

R = Resistance

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11
Q

What creates the driving force for blood flow?

A

High to low pressure

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12
Q

What maintains arterial blood volume and blood pressure?

A

Ejection of blood into the arterial system

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13
Q

What determines arterial blood pressure

A

Amount of blood flow into arteries

Amount of blood flow out of arteries

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14
Q

Arteries

A 
rigid
thick tunica media
low compliance
pressure on blood is driven by amount of blood in arteries
more blood in (higher pressure)
more blood out (lower pressure)
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15
Q

Blood flow in to arteries

volume and pressure

A

fills arteries

increases arterial blood volume and pressure

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16
Q

Blood flow in

A

Ejected blood from heart
Ventricle contracts
Cardiac output

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17
Q

what effects blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output and arterial resistance

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18
Q

Cardiac output

A

Amount of blood sending out into the vessels

or pushed from heart every heart beat

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19
Q

Blood flow out of arteries

volume and pressure

A

Drains arteries

Decreases arterial blood volume and pressure

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20
Q

What is arterial blood volume and pressure determined by?

A

balance between blood flow in and out

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21
Q

Blood flow out

A

Drains out of arteries into capillaries (capillary flow)

Controlled by resistance of the arteries

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22
Q

Balance of mean arterial pressure is coming from

A

Blood flow into arteries

Resistance of the flow out of arteries

23
Q

Increase MAP

Balance flow in / out determines pressure

A

Increase cardiac output (heart pushes more blood into arteries) increase inflow

Increase resistance (decrease outflow)

Increase arterial volume and pressure

24
Q

Arterial pressure
Cardiac output
Total peripheral resistance

equation

A

MAP = CO x TPR

25
Pressure Flow Resistance equation
P = Q x R
26
What is cardiac output determined by? | incl equation
Stroke Volume Heart Rate CO = SV x HR
27
Cardiac output | incl units
Amount of blood coming out of the heart and going into arteries L/min
28
Stroke volume | incl units
Amount of blood pushed out of the heart for each beat L/beat Pulse strength
29
The higher the stroke volume
the stronger the heart beat | more blood gets pushed out
30
Heart rate | incl units
Number of times heart is beating beats/min Pulse speed
31
What do you need if you drain more blood out (exercise)?
more blood in to maintain MAP (at a constant rate)
32
To increase cardiac output...
Increase heart rate | Increase stroke volume
33
How does the system know what's going on with MAP?
Coordinated via the brainstem Afferent input from both CNS and periphery Efferent output to heart and vessels
34
Afferent input
Signal coming into the brain about blood pressure. from both CNS and periphery
35
Efferent output
Signal the brain is sending out to the body about blood pressure. to heart and vessels
36
Why can The heart beat without any input from the brain?
The pacemaking function comes from SA node
37
What are blood pressure sensors?
Baroreceptors
38
Baroreceptors | what is it, location, receptors, signal type
Sensors of blood pressure Located on aortic arch (above heart) and carotid artery (on either side of neck) Stretch receptors (any stretch reduction of artery) Afferent signal
39
What happens if blood pressure goes up? | vessels, receptors, signal type
More blood going into vessels Vessels will stretch Baroreceptors sense the stretch of the artery walls and sends signal to brain Brain knows blood pressure is up (and makes a move to get back to baseline) Afferent signal
40
what happens If blood pressure falls? | vessels, receptors, signal type
Vessels will contract a bit Less stretch of vessel wall Baroreceptors will reduce signal down Brain knows blood pressure is down (and makes a move to get back to baseline) Afferent signal
41
What does the brain do in response to cardiac output?
Send efferent output to adjust cardiac output
42
what are the 2 systems the brain uses to change cardiac output?
Parasympathetic system | Sympathetic system
43
Parasympathetic system
Rest and digest Sleeping, relaxing, eating, digesting food brake
44
Sympathetic system
Fight or flight response Danger, exercise, Drives system to work harder Accelerator
45
What system do you stimulate if you want the cardio system to work faster?
Sympathetic system to get system working harder
46
What system do you stimulate if you want the cardio system to work slower?
Parasympathetic system to get system working slow
47
Brain coordinates the 2 systems and the amount of signal it sends down the pathways determines
What the cardiac output of the heart is
48
``` Parasympathetic pathway (use pathway why, signal type, sends signal through, vagus nerve connection between, signal tells, result) ```
High blood pressure Reduce pressure Efferent output signal from the brain Brain sends signal directly to heart through vagus nerve Vagus nerve connects brain directly to SA node and AV node in the heart Tells SA node to Slow down fewer beats/min Tells AV node to lengthen the pause Slower heart rate
49
SA node
Sets a pace for heart contraction
50
AV node
pause before it allows the SA node to continue down into the ventricles.
51
blood pressure is high
Bring it down Reduce amount of flow out of heart Slows heart rate down
52
``` Sympathetic pathway (use pathway why, signal type, sends signal through, where the nerves go to, signal tells, result) ```
Low blood pressure Increase pressure Efferent signal from brain Sends sympathetic signals to SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibres and into ventricular walls signal goes into spinal column, and into the sympathetic chain/trunk ganglion (set of nerves), the nerves go directly to the SA node and AV node Tells SA node to send more signals quicker for more contractions Tells AV node to shorter the pause Signal goes into the ventricular wall to stimulate the cells to release more calcium Increases heart rate Increase stroke volume Increases blood flow into arteries
53
To get a stronger heartbeat
Release more calcium into the system Cause more actin and myosin interactions Increase cross bridge formations More pulling on actin filaments Stronger stroke volume
54
Tilted upright from supine (lying) position effects | stroke volume, cardiac output, heart rate, MAP, TPR
Decrease a lot stroke volume quick Decrease cardiac output (less than SV) Increase heart rate MAP barely moved (constant high) Increase TPR (vascular resistance) Gravity

HUBS192 (36 decks)

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