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HUBS192 > Lecture 31 Physio urine composition, functions of kidney, basic nephron processes > Flashcards

Lecture 31 Physio urine composition, functions of kidney, basic nephron processes Flashcards

1
Q

whats the composition of normal urine?

A 
creatinine
urea, uric acid
H+, NH3
Na+, K+
Toxins
drugs (anti viral, diuretics)
95-98% water (1.5L/day)
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2
Q

whats the composition of pathological urine?

A 
Glucose
Protein
Blood
hemoglobin
leucocytes
bacteria (infection)
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3
Q

what disease is associated with glucose in urine?

A

Glucosuria

diabetes

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4
Q

what disease is associated with protein in urine?

A

proteinuria

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5
Q

what disease is associated with blood in urine?

A

erthrocytes

hematuria

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6
Q

what disease is associated with hemoglobin in urine?

A

hemoglobinuria

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7
Q

Normal urine

A. contains amino acids.
B. has a volume of 20 L per day.
C. does not contain protons (H+).
D. contains sodium and potassium.
E. tastes sweet.
A

D. contains sodium and potassium.

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8
Q

what does normal urine look like?

A

clear, light or dark amber look

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9
Q

what does normal urine taste like?

A

not sweet
acidic (pH: 5-6)

pH dependent on diet
veggies - pH = 7.2
meat - pH = 4.8

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10
Q

what does normal urine smell like?

A

unremarkable

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11
Q

what does pathological urine look like?

A

golden, red, brown, blue

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12
Q

what does pathological urine taste like?

A

sweet: diabetes mellitus

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13
Q

what does pathological urine smell like?

A

like fruits: ketosis (fasting), diabetes, chronic alcohol abuse

rotten: infection (bacteria), tumour

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14
Q

what if pathological urine smell like fruits?

A

ketosis (fasting), diabetes, chronic alcohol abuse

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15
Q

what if pathological urine smell rotten?

A

infection (bacteria), tumour

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16
Q

whats 9 functions of the kidneys?

A
  • Hormone production (erythropoietin)
  • Metabolism
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • pH-regulation
  • Filters blood
  • Water homeostasis
  • Salt/ion homeostasis
  • Re-absorption of nutrients (amino acids, glucose)
  • Excretion of drugs, endogenous metabolites and toxins
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17
Q

whats EPO?

A

stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBC

low O2 levels are detected by kidneys

kidney releases EPO

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18
Q

what releases EPO?

A

Kidneys

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19
Q

what causes chronic renal failure?

A

anaemia (low levels of RBC/haemoglobin → low blood O2 levels)

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20
Q

what ions are involved in salt/ion homeostasis and whats it useful for?

A

Na+, K+, Ca2+

blood pressure

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21
Q

what nutrients are reabsorbed by kidneys?

A

Amino acids, glucose

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22
Q

whats water homeostasis important for?

A

hydration

blood pressure

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23
Q

what drugs, endogenous metabolites, and toxins are excreted from kidneys?

A

aspirin, anti-viral drugs, urea, uric acid, herbal toxins

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24
Q

what concentration is vital for many processes?

A

K+ concentration

25
Q

why is K+ concentration important for all cells?

A

resting membrane potential is based on K+ gradient (inside/outside) of cells

26
Q

why is K+ concentration important for neurons and cardiomyocytes?

A

action potentials, rhythm generation in pacemaker cells, contractility, signaling

27
Q

what secretes K+ (potassium)?

A

Kidneys

28
Q

what happens if have too much K+?

A

hyperkalemia (death)

Kidney disease/failure

29
Q

how much grams of K+ in a banana?

A

0.5g

30
Q

how much grams do we need of potassium / day dietary need?

A

5g

31
Q

how much grams of K+ can kill as 165lb person?

A

190g

32
Q

whats lidocaine used for?

A

local anaesthetic in a practice or hospital

33
Q

whats lidocaine?

A

excreted by kidneys after metabolisation in liver due to fat soluble (lipophilic) nature

34
Q

whats aspirin?

A

common pain killer
highly water soluble (hydrophilic)
excreted by kidneys

35
Q

what does pH =?

A

-log[H+]

36
Q

what does bicarbonate (HCO3-) do?

A

main buffer of blood
neutralise acids from metabolism, food, drinks
maintain blood pH of 7.4

37
Q

how is HCO3- concentration in the blood controlled?

A

by Lungs (exhale of CO2) and kidneys by reabsorption of HCO3- or secretion of H+ ions

38
Q

Which of the following processes is NOT a function of the kidney?

A. gluconeogenesis
B. secretion of glucose
C. filtration of blood
D. K+ reabsorption
E. drug secretion
A

B. secretion of glucose

39
Q

What are the basic nephron processes of the kidney?

A
  1. filtration
  2. secretion
  3. re-absorption
40
Q

whats Filtration of the nephron?

A

creates a plasma-like filtrate of the blood

41
Q

whats Reabsorption of the nephron?

A

removes useful solutes from the filtrate and returns them to the blood

42
Q

whats secretion of the nephron?

A

adds additional wastes from the blood to the filtrate

43
Q

what determines the way a particular substance is handled in the kidneys?

A

balance of:

  1. filtration
  2. secretion
  3. re-absorption
44
Q

where are many substances filtered with a constant rate and whats the exception?

A

renal corpuscle (glomerulus);

exception: substances bound to protein

45
Q

To be filtered with a constant rate at the renal corpuscle what do some substances need to be?

A

partly (Na+, K+)

entirely (glucose) re-absorbed; entirely secreted (PAH: represents many drugs)

46
Q

what are the nephron different parts?

A

glomerulus
proximal tubule
distal tubule
collecting duct

47
Q

what does the glomerulus do?

A

filtration

48
Q

what does the proximal tubule do?

A

bulk reabsorption of electrolytes (Na+, K+),

secretion of metabolites, drugs and toxins

49
Q

what does the distal tubule do?

A

fine-tuning of electrolytes/water reabsorption

50
Q

what does the collecting duct do?

A

fine-tuning electrolyte/water reabsorption

51
Q

wheres glucose (only) reabsorbed?

A

only in proximal tubule;

52
Q

wheres K+ reabsorbed or secreted?

A

different parts of tubule (depends on diet!!);

53
Q

wheres water reabsorbed?

A

most parts of tubule

54
Q

how is penicillin (drugs and toxins) mostly excreted?

A

by active secretion, not filtration;

55
Q

are big molecules (such as albumin) filtered?

A

No

56
Q

The renal proximal tubule facilitates:

A. fine tuning of electrolyte/water reabsorption
B. secretion of K+ (potassium)
C. reabsorption of drugs
D. filtration of blood
E. secretion of drugs and metabolites
A

E. secretion of drugs and metabolites

57
Q

summary

whats normal urine made of?

A

mostly water, electrolytes (K+, Na+), drugs/toxins, metabolites and acids

58
Q

summary
The kidney has a variety of functions
what are they?

A 
filtration, 
excretion, 
salt and 
water homeostasis, 
pH regulation, 
hormone synthesis
59
Q

summary

how do kidneys achieve their functions?

A

basic nephron processes:

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

HUBS192 (36 decks)

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