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HUBS192 > Lecture 15 LRT > Flashcards

Lecture 15 LRT Flashcards

1
Q

what does the lower respiratory tract (LRT) consist of?

A
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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2
Q

whats the functions of the LRT?

A

conducts air to/from site of gas exchange

completes cleaning, warming, humidification of inhaled air

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3
Q

where does gas exchange occur?

A

Alveolus (pl Alveoli)

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4
Q

LRT: Trachea

where is it located?

A
  • anterior to esophagus

* larynx to primary bronchus

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5
Q

LRT: Trachea

whats it lined with?

A

respiratory mucosa

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6
Q

LRT: Trachea

whats its functions?

A

Maintain patent (open) airway

Cleans, warms and humidifies inhaled air

Cilia -> mucociliary escalator (‘tracheal elevator’)

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7
Q

LRT: Trachea

how does it Maintain patent (open) airway?

A

– “C”-shaped cartilage rings
– trachealis muscle
– CT with elastic fibres

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8
Q

trachealis muscle

A

Trachea

Band of smooth muscle connect ends of a rings

• Contracts on coughing

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9
Q

LRT: Trachea

how does it Cleans, warms and humidifies inhaled air?

A

– RS epithelium
• Mucous cells, ciliated cells
• Mucociliary escalator
– Glands

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10
Q

Left bronchus

A

Narrower
Steeper angle
- blockages

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11
Q

LRT: Bronchial Tree

what does it consist of?

A
  • Trachea
  • 1° bronchi
  • 2° (lobar) bronchi
  • 3° tertiary bronchus
  • branching (tree like)
  • alveolus
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12
Q

LRT: Bronchial Tree

How many lobes does the right side have?

A

3

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13
Q

LRT: Bronchial Tree

How many lobes does the left side have?

A

2

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14
Q

1° Bronchi histology

A

– extra and intrapulmonary
– cartilaginous plates
– complete layer of smooth muscle

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15
Q

3° bronchi histology

A

bronchopulmonary segments

branch

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16
Q

bronchioles histology

A

<1mm, no cartilage

ring of smooth muscle

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17
Q

As the bronchi decrease in diameter

A

– Cartilage – decreases
– Height of epithelium decreases
– Number of mucous secreting cells decrease

bronchioles – No cartilage

18
Q

If airborne debris gets to alveoli

A

– macrophages

19
Q

End of airway is the air sacs

A

alveoli

20
Q

alveoli

A

Arranged like bunches of grapes
Each lung around 150 million
- has large SA
- most of lung volume

21
Q

The walls of the alveoli are composed of

A

single layer of thin, flattened epithelial cells with a thin basement membrane (aka basal laminae).

22
Q

basal laminae

A

alveoli

single layer of thin, flattened epithelial cells with a thin basement membrane

23
Q

what are the external surfaces of the alveoli covered in?

A

pulmonary capillaries.

24
Q

LRT: Alveolus

whats the structure?

A
  • pocket like - open at one side
  • dense capillary network covering (cobweb basket)
  • pneumocytes (lung epithelial cells)
25
Q

what are Type 1 pneumocytes?

A

squamous epithelial cells
gas exchange

scattered amongst type 1 are type 2 cells

26
Q

what are type 2 pneumocytes?

A

cuboidal surfactant secreting cells

mix of phospholipids and proteins to decrease surface tension of alveolus

27
Q

LRT: Alveolus

whats surfactant?

A

complex glycolipid / phospholipid that acts to reduce the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

28
Q

macrophage (dust cells)

A

release elastase

enzyme destroys elastin

29
Q

what makes up the blood air barrier?

A

surfactant coating alveolar surface
alveolar cell layer
fused basement membranes of alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium
capillary endothelium

endothelial cell
fused basement membrane
type 1 epithelial cell

30
Q

lungs in thoracic cavity

A

breathing / ventilation

pleural cavity

31
Q

whats pleura?

A

serous membrane

  • parietal pleura
  • visceral pleura
32
Q

thoracic contents

A 
Mediastinum (heart vessels, pericardium)
Pleural cavities (lungs separate, if 1 not function got another 1)
33
Q

where does 1° bronchius vessels enter?

A

Hilum of lung

34
Q

LRT:

Difference between right and left lung

A

Right lung

  • 3 lobes (sup, middle, inf)
  • 2 fissures (horiz, oblique)

Left lung

  • 2 lobes (sup, inf)
  • 1 fissure (oblique)
  • cardiac notch
35
Q

what makes up the left and right lungs?

medial view

A 
Apex
groove for aorta
root of lung
hilum
base
inferior surface on diaphragm = domed
36
Q

apex of lung is

A

superior region of lung

37
Q

coastal surface

A

outer surface against ribs

38
Q

base of lung is

A

inferior sits on diaphragm

39
Q

How are the trachea and primary bronchi held open so that they do not collapse?

A

by cartilage

40
Q 
Which of the following structures does not
have cartilage in its wall
A. Intrapulmonary bronchus
B. 2 ̊ bronchus
C. trachea
D. bronchiole
E. Nasal septum
A

D. bronchiole

41
Q

Name the features of the mucous membrane that are very important in the gas exchange barrier

A

flattened type 1 pneumocytes sharing basement membrane. type 2 pneumocytes provide surfactant to keep the gas barrier moist and prevent sticking to the surface of other alveoli, strong basement membrane, elastic fibres near to help inspiratory recoil.

HUBS192 (36 decks)

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