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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the design of the mammalian cardiovascular system?

A

Four chambered heart, blood flows in one direction, arterial blood flows away while venous blood flows towards.

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2
Q

What is the function of the hearts right pump?

A

Receive deoxygenated blood from the body and send it to the lungs

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3
Q

What is the function of the hearts left pump?

A

Receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and send it to the rest of the body

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4
Q

What is the relative flow through the pulmonary and systemic circuits?

A

Must be equal

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5
Q

Do the left and right ventricles contract at the same time or in sequence?

A

At the same time

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6
Q

Do the atria and ventricles contract at the same time or in sequence?

A

In sequence, atria first then ventricles second

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7
Q

What controls the flow of blood between the atria and ventricles?

A

The atrioventricular (AV) valve

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8
Q

What controls the flow of blood between the ventricles and the circulatory vessels?

A

Aortic and pulmonary valves

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9
Q

What is the name for the contractile units of cardiomyocytes?

A

Sarcomeres

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10
Q

What is the thin filament of a cardiomyocyte sarcomere?

A

Actin

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11
Q

What is the thick filament of a cardiomyocyte sarcomere?

A

Myosin

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12
Q

What is the function of the actin and myosin?

A

To create cross bridges for contraction

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13
Q

What must be released into a muscle cell to facilitate sarcomere cross bridging and contraction?

A

Calcium

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14
Q

What is the basic process of cardiomyocyte contraction?

A

Ca2+ released into cell by sarcoplasmic reticulum, myosin head binds to actin forming cross bridges that pull on sarcomeres to shorten them and generate force.

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15
Q

How does cardiomyocyte recruitment increase the force of cardiac contraction?

A

It doesn’t - all cardiomyocytes are activated during every heart beat, so there are no more to be recruited

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16
Q

How is the force of cardiac contraction increased?

A

Increased cytosol Ca2+ release in cardiomyocytes facilitates the formation of more cross bridges, allowing individual cells to contract more strongly.

17
Q

What is the cellular mechanism of cardiac relaxation?

A

Ca2+ pumped into sarcoplasmic reticulum, cross bridges released as ATP binds to myosin

18
Q

What are the 2 states that the heart alternates between?

A

Diastole and systole

19
Q

What is diastole associated with in the heart?

A

Relaxation and falling pressure

20
Q

What is systole associated with in the heart?

A

Contraction and rising pressure

21
Q

What are 5 main phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial systole, atrial diastole, isovolumetric ventricular contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric ventricular diastole, passive filling

22
Q

What occurs during atrial systole?

A

Contraction of atria’s, rise in pressure, AV valves open to allow filling on ventricles

23
Q

What is the ‘lubb’ sound?

A

The closing of the AV valves, after atrial systole

24
Q

What occurs during isovolumetric ventricular contraction?

A

Ventricles begin to contract however all valves are closed therefore there is a rapid increase in pressure

25
Q

What occurs during ventricular ejection?

A

Pressure builds to a point where semilunar valves open, blood flows out of heart

26
Q

What is the ‘dubb’ sound?

A

Closing of the semilunar valves, after ventricular ejection

27
Q

What occurs during isovolumetric ventricular relaxation?

A

A small amount of leftover trapped blood remains in the ventricles. Ventricles relax and pressure decreases significantly.

28
Q

What occurs during the passive filling phase?

A

When pressure is low enough the AV valves will open, allowing the atria’s to fill and then the ventricles

29
Q

What is longer, diastole or systole?

A

Diastole

30
Q

Where is arterial pressure highest, systemic or pulmonary?

A

Systemic

31
Q

What is the pulsatile change in pressure in the major arteries linked to?

A

Ejection of blood

32
Q

What is systolic pressure on a blood pressure trace?

A

The highest point

33
Q

What is diastolic pressure on a blood pressure trace?

A

The lowest point

34
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

The difference between the highest and lowest points

35
Q

What is mean pressure?

A

The average pressure across one cycle

36
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure

37
Q

What is hypotension?

A

Low blood pressure

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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