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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the lower respiratory tract

A

Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli

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2
Q

What are the functions of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Conduct air to and from the site of gas exchange, complete cleaning, warming and humidifying of air, providing a barrier between the air and blood and a large surface area for gas exchange

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3
Q

What is the larynx?

A

The initial passageway (beyond the pharynx) is for air only. Is anterior the the oesophagus and runs from the hyoid bone to the trachea.

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4
Q

What does the anterior portion of the larynx contain?

A

Contains cartilage to protect and maintain an open airway. Plus the epiglottis

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5
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

A piece of cartilage that closes over the airway when swallowing to stop the entry of food

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6
Q

What does the posterior portion of the larynx contain?

A

The glottis, vocal folds and vestibular folds

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7
Q
A
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7
Q

What is the glottis?

A

The voice box

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8
Q

What are the vocal folds?

A

The ‘true’ vocal cords. Passing air causes vibrations which cause sound waves. Used for normal phonation. Testosterone affects cartilage and muscle which can result in longer, thicker folds and therefore a deeper voice.

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9
Q

What are the vestibular folds?

A

The ‘false’ vocal cords. Superior to vocal folds. Prevent foreign object entry to the glottis and can produce very deep sounds

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10
Q

What is the trachea?

A

A long, U-shaped tube that connects your larynx (containing voice box) to your lungs

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11
Q

Where is the trachea?

A

Anterior to the oesophagus between the larynx and primary bronchi

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12
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

To maintain a patent airway and clean, warm and humidify air (lined with respiratory epithelium)

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13
Q

How does the trachea maintain a patent airway?

A

With C-shaped cartilage rings where the ends are connected by bands of smooth muscle that contract for coughing. Also contains many elastin fibres in lamina propria and submucosa

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14
Q

What is the name for the smooth muscles connecting the cartilage in the trachea?

A

Trachealis

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15
Q

What is the mucociliary escalator?

A

It runs along the trachea and removes debris escalating it to the pharynx to be swallowed and broken down by stomach acid. Contains; mucus from goblet cells and mucus glands, epithelia and cilia

16
Q

What are the lobes of the lungs?

A

3x on right and 2x on left

17
Q

Why does the left lung only have 2x lobes?

A

To accommodate for the heart

18
Q

What is the hilum?

A

Where the bronchi and blood vessels enter the lungs

19
Q

What is the apex of the lungs?

A

The superior regions

20
Q

What is the costal surface of the lungs?

A

The lateral surface, against the ribs

21
Q

What is the base of the lungs?

A

Inferior regions, sitting on the diaphragm

22
Q

What are the components of the bronchial tree?

A

Trachea -> primary bronchi -> secondary bronchi -> tertiary bronchi -> many branches -> terminal bronchioles

23
Q

What are the components of the primary bronchi?

A

Respiratory epithelium, cartilage and complete smooth muscle rings

24
Q

What are the components of the secondary and tertiary bronchi?

A

Respiratory epithelium begins to decrease in height, and goblet cell number decreases. Contains cartilage plates

25
Q

What are the components of the bronchioles?

A

<1mm, Cuboidal epithelium, no cartilage but thick smooth muscles for bronchoconstriction and dilation

26
Q

What are the componenets of the terminal bronchioles?

A

<0.5mm each supplies a pulmonary lobule

27
Q

What are the alveoli?

A

Air sacks of ~150 million per lung. Cover most of lung volume with their massive surface area.

28
Q

What component of the alveoli make them optimal for gas exchange?

A

The simple squamose epithelium on a thin basement membrane and the external surface being covered in a fine network of pulmonary capillaries

29
Q

What are pneumocytes?

A

Lung epithelial cells

30
Q

What are the types of pneumocytes?

A

Type 1 squamose and type 2 cuboidal

31
Q

What are the type 1 squamose pneumocytes?

A

Forms the respiratory membrane/blood-air barrier with capillary wall and shared basement membrane

32
Q

What are the type 2 cuboidal pneumocytes?

A

Scattered amongst type 1. Secrete surfactant, a complex lipoprotein that reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid

33
Q

What do the roaming macrophages do in the alveoli?

A

Remove debris that makes it to alveoli as there is no mucus membrane

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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