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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 23 > Flashcards

Lecture 23 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the large intestine absorb?

A

Water

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2
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

To store faeces until defecation

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3
Q

What are the three constituents of the large intestine?

A

The cecum, colon, and rectum

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4
Q

What are the four components of the colon?

A

Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

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5
Q

What separates the ascending colon and the transverse colon?

A

The right colic (hepatic) flexure

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6
Q

What separates the transverse colon and the descending colon?

A

The left colic (splenic) flexure

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7
Q

What is the location of the ascending and descending colons?

A

Lateral and retroperitoneal

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8
Q

What is the location of the sigmoid and transverse colon?

A

Intraperitoneal

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9
Q

What is the cecum?

A

A blind-ended pouch where the SI and LI connect which houses the appendix and ileocecal valve

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10
Q

What is the function of the ileocecal valve?

A

To regulate the passage of material into the large intestine

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11
Q

What is the function of the vermiform appendix?

A

Used as a reserve of large intestinal bacteria

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12
Q

Where is the vermiform appendix?

A

Attached to the cecum

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13
Q

What is appendicitis?

A

When the appendix becomes inflamed

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14
Q

What does the large intestine wall need modification for?

A

To store faeces, expel faeces during defecation, to be lubricated and allow the absorption of water

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15
Q

What are the teniae coli?

A

Bands of longitudinal muscle around the LI wall

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16
Q

What is the function of the teniae coli?

A

To contract for motility

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17
Q

What is the haustra?

A

A series of pouches along the LI wall

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18
Q

What is the function of the haustra?

A

To store faeces longer

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19
Q

What are omental appendices?

A

Sacs of fat along the LI wall

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20
Q

What are the layers of the large intestines muscularis?

A

Inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer

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21
Q

What is different about the outer longitudinal layer in comparison to the SI?

A

Contains teniae coli, the three thicker bands of muscle for stronger contractions

22
Q

What is the composition of the large intestinal musoca?

A

It lacks villi but has intestinal glands from invaginated mucosa.

23
Q

What are the cells of the LI mucosa?

A

Absorptive cells for water and salt and goblet cells for protection and lubrication

24
Q

What is the rectum?

A

The last part of the large intestine that stores faeces

25
Q

What is the anal canal?

A

The connection between the rectum and anus

26
Q

What structural change occurs within the anal canal?

A

Epithelium changes from simple columnar to stratified squamose

27
Q

Why does the epithelium change to stratified squamose?

A

For extra protection from abrasions

28
Q

How many anal sphincters do we have?

A

Two; internal and external

29
Q

What is the internal anal sphincter?

A

Sphincter composed of smooth muscle for involuntary control

30
Q

What is the external anal sphincter?

A

Sphincter composed of skeletal muscle for voluntary control

31
Q

What is the defecation reflex?

A

When faeces move into rectum, stretch receptors are stimulated. Internal anal sphincter relaxes from a localised reflex and also a longer reflex that goes to spinal cord to make us aware we need to go to the toilet.

32
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

To metabolise products, detoxify blood and produce bile

33
Q

What is the location of the liver?

A

A wedge shaped organ in the superior right quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity, attached to the stomach by the lesser omentum

34
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

A hollow organ below the liver, connected via the cystic duct to the bile duct

35
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

To store and concentrate bile

36
Q

What can cause problems in the gallbladder?

A

Gallstones which is calcified bile that can obstruct tubes

37
Q

How much cardiac output does the liver receive?

A

~25%

38
Q

What is the blood supply of the liver?

A

1/3 from the hepatic artery and 2/3 from the hepatic portal vein

39
Q

What does the hepatic artery supply the to liver?

A

Oxygenated blood

40
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein supply to the liver?

A

Nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood from the small intestine to be processed by hepatocytes

41
Q

Where do the hepatic portal vein, heaptic artery and bile duct travel within?

A

The lesser omentum

42
Q

What is the structure of the liver?

A

Lobes are separated into lobule functional units

43
Q

What do lobules contain?

A

Rows of hepatocytes that produce bile and detoxify the blood, liver sinusoidal capillaries between rows and bile canaliculi canals between cells

44
Q

What is the hepatic portal triad?

A

A branch of hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and bile duct

45
Q

In what direction does blood flow in the liver?

A

From the branch of the hepatic portal vein at the peripheries of the lobule towards the central vein in the centre of the lobule

46
Q

What processes the blood that travels through the lobules?

A

The hepatocytes that also produce bile

47
Q

Where is bile secreted in the lobules?

A

It is secreted by the hepatocytes into the canalicular and travels to the bile duct which is situated at the peripheries of the lobules

48
Q

Where does the central vein drain to?

A

The hepatic vein which later drains to the inferior vena cava

49
Q

Where does the bile from the hepatocytes travel after it has entered the bile ducts?

A

To the gallbladder

50
Q

What connects the bile duct and the pancreatic duct?

A

The hepatopancreatic ampulla

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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