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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 20 > Flashcards

Lecture 20 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the GI system?

A

To bring nutrients and water into the internal environment to be used by the body

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2
Q

What are the four functions of the GI system?

A

Motility, secretion, digestion, absorption

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3
Q

What is the function of the motility of the GI tract?

A

To transport food into and through the body, mixing luminal contents and transporting waste out

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4
Q

What is the function of the secretion of the GI tract?

A

To synthesise and release enzymes, mucus and serous fluid into the lumen

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5
Q

What is the function of the digestion of the GI tract?

A

To break nutrients into smaller pieces, mechanically and chemically

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6
Q

What is the function of the absorption of the GI tract?

A

To bring nutrients and water from the lumen to the internal environment

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7
Q

What are the sphincters and what is their function in the GI system?

A

Rings of smooth muscle that close off ends and separate sections of the tube

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8
Q

What do the sphincters allow?

A

Different environments within different organs

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9
Q

What is the GI system lined by?

A

Epithelium

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10
Q

What type of epithelia is found in the mouth, oral cavity and esophagus?

A

Stratified squamous to protect from abrasions

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11
Q

What type of epithelia is found in the stomach, small and large intestines?

A

Simple columnar for secretion and absorption

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12
Q

What type of epithelia is found in the anus?

A

Stratified squamous to protect from abrasion

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13
Q

What are unicellular glands?

A

Glands with single cells to perform a function. Columnar, goblet-shaped, mucous-producing cells with apical mucous granules and a basal nucleus.

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14
Q

What are the two functions of the unicellular glands?

A

Lubrication and protection

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15
Q

What are multicellular glands?

A

Invaginated epithelium to form glands, this increases the surface area for more secretion

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16
Q

What are the two types of multicellular glands?

A

Simple and Compound

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17
Q

What is a simple multicellular gland?

A

A gland with a single duct

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18
Q

Where are the simple multicellular glands found?

A

In the stomach and small intestine

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19
Q

What is a compound multicellular gland?

A

A gland with 2 or more ducts

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20
Q

Where are the compound multicellular glands found?

A

Salivary glands

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21
Q

What are the four layers of the gut tube, deep to superficial?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia

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22
Q

What does the mucosa consist of?

A

Epithelium, basement membrane, lamina propria (FCT), muscularis mucosae and sometimes glands

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23
Q

What does the submucosa consist of?

A

FCT, glands, blood vessels and submucosal plexus

24
Q

What is the function of the submucosal plexus?

A

To regulate secretion through the enteric nervous system (ENS)

25
Q

What is the muscularis?

A

A layer of smooth muscle

26
Q

What are the two main layers of the muscularis?

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal

27
Q

How is the inner circular muscularis structured?

A

Cells wrap around the tube

28
Q

How is the outer longitudinal muscularis structured?

A

Cells run up and down the tube

29
Q

What is the myenteric plexus?

A

Part of the ENS, located between the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers. It regulates motility (contractions)

30
Q

What is the adventitia composed of?

A

Fibrous connective tissue to hold things together

31
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

The mouth and oral cavity

32
Q

What are the two forms of digestion?

A

Mechanical and chemical

33
Q

Where does food flow through to get to the stomach?

A

The fauces, into oropharynx and laryngopharynx and then into the esophagus

34
Q

What does the mouth and oral cavity need?

A

Lubrication

35
Q

How is the mouth and oral cavity lubricated?

A

Through salivary glands

36
Q

What are the three salivary glands?

A

Parotid, sublingual, submandibular

37
Q

What does the parotid salivary gland secrete?

A

Serous fluid with amylase

38
Q

What does the sublingual salivary gland secrete?

A

Mucous only

39
Q

What does the submandibular salivary gland secrete?

A

Mixed of mucous and serous fluid

40
Q

Where is the parotid glad positioned?

A

In front of the ear

41
Q

Where is the sublingual gland located?

A

Below the tongue

42
Q

Where is the submandibular gland located?

A

Around the mandible

43
Q

What type of glands are the salivary glands?

A

Compound secretory glands

44
Q

What is an acinus?

A

Cluster of cells

45
Q

What do acinus cells secrete?

In the salivary glands

A

Serious fluid, enzymes and mucus

46
Q

What do duct cells secrete?

In the salivary glands

A

Bicarbonate, a pH buffer

47
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

Long tube of about 25cm made from stratified squamous epithelium

48
Q

Where is the esophagus located?

A

Posterior to the trachea and extends from the pharynx to the stomach

49
Q

What does the epiglottis ensure?

A

Food does not enter the trachea

50
Q

What is the function of the muscularis externa?

A

To move food bolus

51
Q

What is the composition of muscle along the muscularis externa? (In the esophagus)

A

First 1/3 = skeletal muscle
Second 1/3 = mixture
Third 1/3 = smooth muscle

52
Q

What component of the esophagus is highly folded?

A

The submucosa and mucosa which expands for food passage

53
Q

How does the esophagus secrete mucus without goblet cells?

A

Through glands with ducts in submucosa and the mucosa close to the stomach

54
Q

Why does the esophagus need mucus?

A

For lubrication and protection

55
Q

Why is the structure of the esophagus so different to the stomach?

A

To preform different functions

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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