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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 30 > Flashcards

Lecture 30 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major functions of the kidney?

A

Endocrine, metabolic, pH, water, salt/ion, reabsorption and excretion

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2
Q

What are the endocrine functions?

A

EPO, VD → Calcitriol, Renin secretion

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3
Q

What is EPO?

A

Erythropoietin, a hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the bone marrow to produce RBCs

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4
Q

What is chronic kidney/renal failure?

A

Kidneys cannot make enough EPO leading to reduced RBC production and potential for anaemia (low blood O2 levels)

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5
Q

What is the metabolic function?

A

Gluconeogenesis - synthesis of new glucose from lactate

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6
Q

When does glucogenesis occur?

A

While fasting or when the body is under stress

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7
Q

What is pH?

A

A measure of how acidic or alkaline a solution is
pH = - log [H+]

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8
Q

More H+ means…?

A

lower pH, more acidic

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9
Q

Fewer H+ means…?

A

Higher pH, more basic

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10
Q

What is the normal pH range for the blood?

A

7.35-7.45

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11
Q

What is the normal pH range for the urine?

A

4.6-8

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12
Q

What are the main sources of acid in the body?

A

Acids coming from metabolism, food and drink as a direct source of H+ and carbon dioxide from metabolism

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13
Q

What is the pH of the blood controlled by?

A

The lungs and kidneys

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14
Q

Why are there two systems controlling blood pH?

A

If one fails, the other can compensate

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15
Q

How do the lungs control blood pH?

A

Exhalation of carbon dioxide

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16
Q

How do the kidneys control blood pH?

A

Through reabsorption and secretion of bicarbonate and H+

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17
Q

Why is water homeostasis important?

A

ECF osmolarity and blood pressure

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18
Q

What can be adjusted to maintain water balance within the body?

A

Urine output

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19
Q

Why is salt/ion homeostasis important?

A

[Na+], [K+] and blood pressure

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20
Q

Why is [K+] so important?

A

All cells resting membrane potential is based on the K+ gradient and neurons & cardiomyocytes rely on K+ for action potentials, rhythm generation in pacemaker cells, contractility and signalling

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21
Q

What happens if you suffer from a kidney disease or failure?

A

Kidneys cannot secrete enough K+ leading to a build-up in the blood (hyperkalemia) which can cause arrhythmias and death

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22
Q

What nutrients are reabsorbed?

A

Amino acids and glucose

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23
Q

What medication are excreted?

A

All e.g. asprin and lignocaine

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24
Q

What toxin is excreted?

A

All e.g. urea

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25
Q

What metabolite is excreted?

A

Uric acid

26
Q

What is lidocaine?

A

A lipophilic medicine used for local anaesthetic

27
Q

How are lipophilic medicines excreted?

A

Via the kidneys AFTER metabolism in the liver

28
Q

What is asprin?

A

A hydrophilic medicine used as a pain killer

29
Q

How are hydrophilic medicines excreted?

A

Directly via the kidneys

30
Q

How much of TBW is extracellular fluid?

A

1/3

31
Q

How much of TBW is intracellular fluid?

A

2/3

32
Q

How much of ECF is plamsa?

A

1/5

33
Q

How much of ECF is interstitial fluid?

A

4/5

34
Q

How can the volume of fluid in the body water compartments change?

A

Based on how much water there is in the body and the osmolarity of the body water compartments

35
Q

What does a change in plasma water content cause?

A

A proportional change in blood pressure

36
Q

What does an increase in ICF water content cause?

A

Swelling of cells

37
Q

What does a decrease in ICF water content cause?

A

Shrinking of cells

38
Q

What is osmolatiry?

A

The total number of solute molecules in a solution

39
Q

What is isosmotic?

A

The same amount of solute molecules, same osmolarity

40
Q

What is hyposmotic?

A

Increase water, less solute molecules, decrease in ECF osmolarity

41
Q

What is hyperosmotic?

A

Decrease in water, more solute molecules, increase in ECF osmolarity

42
Q

Where do ingested fluids travel first?

A

To the extracellular fluid

43
Q

What does the addition of isosmotic fluid in the body cause?

A

A change in ONLY the ECF

44
Q

What are the basic functions of the nephron?

A

Filtration, secretion and reabsorption

45
Q

Where does filtration occur?

A

In the renal corpuscle

46
Q

What does filtration do?

A

Creates a plasma-like filtrate of the blood

47
Q

What movement occurs during filtration?

A

Plasma from glomerular capillaries to glomerular capsule

Blood → Nephron

48
Q

What can be filtered?

A

Most substances are free filtered except large proteins and RBCs

49
Q

Where does secretion occur?

A

In the proximal convoluted tubule

50
Q

What does secretion do?

A

Removes additional substances from the blood and adds them to the tubular fluid

Blood → nephron

51
Q

What additional substances are added to the tubular fluid?

A

Metabolites, mediations and toxins

52
Q

Where does reabsorption occur?

A

The PCT, nephron loop and DCT

53
Q

What does reabsorption do?

A

Returns useful substances to the blood by removing them from the peritubular fluid

Nephron → blood

54
Q

What major function occurs in the glomerulus?

A

Filtration

55
Q

What major functions occur in the PCT?

A

Secretion, bulk reabsorption (ions, H2O & glucose)

56
Q

What major function occurs in the nephron loop?

A

Bulk reabsorption (ions & H2O)

57
Q

What major function occurs in the DCT and collecting duct?

A

Fine-tuning reabsorption (ions and H2O)

58
Q

How do you determine the amount of a substance excreted in the urine?

A

Amount filtered + amount secreted - amount reabsorbed

59
Q

What happens to glucose in the nephron?

A

Freely filtered, not secreted and fully reabsorbed in PCT (none in urine)

59
Q

What happens to sodium in the nephron?

A

Freely filtered, not secreted and almost fully reabsorbed (small amount in urine)

60
Q

What happens to mediation and toxins in the nephron?

A

Free filtered, rest entirely secreted, none reabsorbed so ALL in urine

61
Q

What happens to creatinine and insulin in the nephron?

A

Freely filtered, not secreted or absorbed so all filtered is in urine, rest remains in blood

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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