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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 28 > Flashcards

Lecture 28 Flashcards

1
Q

How much of the male human body is water?

A

60%

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2
Q

How much of the female human body is water?

A

55%

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3
Q

Why do biological males store more water than biological females?

A

Males carry more muscle mass which as a higher water content in comparison to the higher adipose mass that females carry

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4
Q

How does the urinary system maintain a balance?

A

By filtering the blood and expelling anything we don’t need

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5
Q

What might be expelled in urine?

A

Excess water and salt, waste of metabolism and toxins or drugs

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6
Q

How much blood flows through the kidneys per minute?

A

1200mL

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7
Q

How much urine does the typical person produce per day?

A

800-2000mL

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8
Q

What is urine?

A

A waste product excreted to maintain balance within the body

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9
Q

What does normal urine contain?

A

Water, salts, urea, metabolites, hormones and small proteins

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10
Q

What is the normal pH range for urine?

A

~4.6-8

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11
Q

What can abnormal urine contain?

A

Large proteins or RBC, as they are too big to be filtered or glucose that is filtered by completely reabsorbed

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12
Q

To be effective, what does the urinary system need?

A

Blood delivery, selective filtration and filtrate removal systems, filtrate recovery mechanism, system to return recovered filtered fluid to the body, protection, communication and adaptability

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13
Q

What are the main components of the urinary system?

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder and a urethra

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14
Q

What is a ureter?

A

Straw-like tube connecting kidneys to the urinary bladder

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15
Q

What is the urethra?

A

The tube that lets urine leave your bladder and your body

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16
Q

What does the structure of the kidneys allow?

A

Blood to be brought near the nephron for filtering; filtered blood to leave the kidney; a path for urine to be removed from the kidney, stored and excreted; protection

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17
Q

Where do the kidneys sit?

A

Deep to the T12 and L3 vertebrae, between the 11th and 12th rib

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18
Q

Why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left?

A

To accommodate for the liver

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19
Q

What surface of the kidney faces laterally?

A

Convex

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20
Q

What is on the medial surface of the kidney?

A

A concave notch called the hilum

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21
Q

What is a hilum?

A

The part of an organ where systems enter and exit

22
Q

What is within the kidneys hilum?

A

Renal blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves and the ureter

23
Q

The kidneys are…?

A

Retroperitoneal, anterior surface covered with peritoneum, posterior surface on abdominal wall

24
Q

What are the three structures that provide external protection for the kidneys?

A

11th and 12th rib, renal fat pad, fibrous capsule

25
Q

What are the three regions of the kidney?

A

Cortex, medullar and pelvis

26
Q

What is the cortex of the kidney?

A

Outer: a continuous layer containing renal columns

27
Q

What is the medullar of the kidney?

A

Inner: divided into pyramids, each ending in a papilla

28
Q

What do the cortex and medulla combined form?

A

A kidney lobe, functional unit

29
Q

How many kidney lobes are the per kidney?

A

5-11

30
Q

What does a kidney lobe contain?

A

One medullary pyramid, all the surrounding cortex, with thousands of nephrons

31
Q

What is the urine drainage path from the kidneys?

A

From each papilla, collecting in the minor calyx, to the major calyx which join to form the renal pelvis that exits the hilum to become the ureter

32
Q

How is urine produced?

A

By filtering waste from the blood into the nephron

33
Q

Where does filtration occur?

A

In the cortex of the kidney

34
Q

Where does the renal artery arise from?

A

The abdominal aorta

35
Q

Where does filtered blood go?

A

To the veins from the cortex, to the renal vein then the inferior vena cava

36
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

A bundle of capillaries specialised for filtration

37
Q

What supplies the glomerulus?

A

The afferent arteriole

38
Q

Where does blood leave the glomerulus?

A

Via the efferent arteriole

39
Q

What does the efferent arteriole supply?

A

The peritubular capillaries

40
Q

What do the peritubular capillaries do?

A

Carry the filtered blood to the veins

41
Q

What is the flow of blood into the cortex?

A

Abdominal aorta → renal artery → series of arteries → afferent arteriole → glomerular capillary

42
Q

What is the flow of blood away from the cortex?

A

Glomerular capillary → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries → series of veins → renal vein→ inferior vena cava

43
Q

What is the nerve supply of the urinary system?

A

Innervation from a network of autonomic nerves and ganglia called the renal plexus

44
Q

What type of nerves adjust the diameter of renal arterioles?

A

Sympathetic nerves

45
Q

Why does the diameter of renal arterioles need to be controled?

A

To regulate blood flow

46
Q

What is the nephron?

A

A microscopic functional unit making up the bulk of the kidney

47
Q

What does the nephron do?

A

Filters blood to selectively reabsorb or secrete it and produce urine

48
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

Where the vessels enter the glomerulus

49
Q

What is the name for filtered blood?

A

Filtrate

50
Q

What is the function of the PCT?

A

Reabsorbing glomerular filtrate

51
Q

What is the function of the nephron loop?

A

Water and salt reabsorption

52
Q

What is the collecting duct?

A

A duct shared by many DCTs that regulates reabsorption of filtrate if the body needs it. Under hormonal control

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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