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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 29 > Flashcards

Lecture 29 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nephron?

A

A microscopic functional unit of the kidney

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2
Q

How many nephrons are there per kidney?

A

~1 million

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3
Q

What is the nephron responsible for?

A

Urine formation

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4
Q

What are the two types of nephron?

A

Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons

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5
Q

What are cortical nephrons?

A

Shallow nephrons that lie mainly in the cortex

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6
Q

What are juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Nephrons that extend deep into the medulla

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7
Q

What are juxtamedullary nephrons import for?

A

The formation of concentrated urine

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8
Q

What is the function of the nephron?

A

To selectively filter blood, return specific filtrate to blood and carry waste away for storage and expulsion

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9
Q

What is the nephron composed of?

A

A glomerular capsule, renal tubules and a collecting duct

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10
Q

What is each renal tubule comprised of?

A

PCT, nephron loop, DCT

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11
Q

What is each nephron associated with?

A

A glomerulus and the peritubular capillaries

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12
Q

What are the glomerular capillaries?

A

They form the glomerulus and are specialised for filtration

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13
Q

What is the structure of the glomerular capillaries?

A

Thin-walled single layer of fenestrated endothelial cells

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14
Q

What feeds into and drains the glomerular capillaries?

A

Arterioles

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15
Q

What is tightly regulated around the glomerular capillaries?

A

Blood pressure

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16
Q

What are the peritubular capillaries?

A

Capillaries that wrap around the renal tubules that are specialised for absorption

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17
Q

What do the peritubular capillaries receive?

A

Filtered blood from the glomerulus via efferent arterioles and reabsorbed filtrate from nephrons

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18
Q

Can non-filtered solutes pass through the peritubular capillaries?

A

Yes

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19
Q

Why would non-filtered solutes enter the nephron from the peritubular capillaries?

A

To be excreted

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20
Q

What is the vasa recta?

A

Extensions from the peritubular capillaries that follow nephron loops deep into the medulla

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21
Q

Where are the vasa recta found?

A

Only in juxtamedullary nephrons

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22
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

The glomerulus enclosed by the glomerular capsule, where capillary and nephron meet

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23
Q

What happens at the renal corpuscle?

A

Filtration

24
Q

What is the glomerular capsule?

A

The first part of the nephron

25
Q

What are the two layers of the glomerular capsule?

A

Outer parietal and inner visceral

26
Q

What is the outer parietal layer of the glomerular capsule made of?

A

Simple squamose cells

27
Q

What is the inner visceral layer of the glomerular capsule made of?

A

Podocytes

28
Q

What is between the two glomerular layers?

A

The capsular space that receives filtrate

29
Q

What are podocytes?

A

Specialised epithelium that wraps around the glomerular capillaries

30
Q

What do podocytes form?

A

Pedicels from the branches foot processes intertwining

31
Q

What is between the pedicels?

A

Filtration slits

32
Q

What is the filtration barrier?

A

A selective barrier that lies between the blood and capsular space

33
Q

What is the function of the filtration barrier?

A

To allow the passage of water and small molecules, restrict the passage of most proteins and completely inhibit RBCs from filtering into the nephron

34
Q

What are the three layers of the filtration barrier?

A
  1. Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary
  2. Fused basement membrane
  3. Filtration slits between the pedicels of the podocytes
35
Q

What happens after filtration?

A

Not everything that is filtered is excreted, some filtrate is reabsorbed and some of what wasn’t filtered is secreted into the nephron

36
Q

What is urine?

+ equation

A

Combination of waste fluid and solutes filtered from the blood

Urine = Filtered - Reabsorbed + Secreted

37
Q

What happens in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Bulk reabsorption

38
Q

What is the structure of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Cubodial epithelial with a dense microvilli brush boarder, highly folded basolateral membrane, many mitochondria and leaky epithelium

39
Q

Is length of the nephron loop important?

A

Yes - in production of dilute or concentrated urine

40
Q

What is the nephron loop?

A

The section of the nephron that extends into the medulla of the kidney

40
Q

What is the nephron loop surrounded by?

A

Vasa recta in juxtamedullary nephrons

41
Q

What are the four sections of the nephron loop?

A

Thick descending limb, thin descending limb, thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb

42
Q

What is the structure of the thick descending limb?

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells, similar to PCT

43
Q

What is the structure of the thin descending limb?

A

Simple squamose epithelium

44
Q

What is the structure of the thin ascending limb?

A

Simple squamose epithelium

45
Q

What is the structure of the thick ascending limb?

A

Cuboidal epithelium, similar to DCT

46
Q

What happens in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Fine-tuning absorption

47
Q

What is the structure of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Cuboidal epithelium (thinner than PCT) with few microvilli so no brush boarder and fewer mitochondria

48
Q

What is reabsorption in the DCT influenced by?

A

Hormones

49
Q

What is the collecting duct?

A

The final part of the nephron that empties urine into the papilla, where many DCTs drain into one collecting duct

50
Q

What happens in the collecting duct?

A

Fine-tuning reabsorption

51
Q

What is the structure of the collecting duct?

A

A wall of cuboidal epithelial cells

52
Q

What are the two types of epithelial cells in the collecting ducts?

A

Principal cells and intercalated cells

53
Q

What are principle cells involved in?

A

Reabsorption

54
Q

What are the intercalated cells involved in?

A

Acid/base balance

55
Q

What is reabsorption in the collecting ducts influenced by?

A

Hormones

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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