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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 21 > Flashcards

Lecture 21 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the peritoneum

A

A serous membrane that lines the abdomen

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2
Q

What does the parietal layer of the peritoneum line?

A

The body wall

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3
Q

What does the visceral layer of the peritoneum line?

A

The organs

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4
Q

What is between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum?

A

Peritoneal cavity, a fluid-filled space

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5
Q

What is the retroperitoneal?

A

Area posterior to the peritoneum, organs anterior surface covered only

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6
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

A double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects an organ to the body wall

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7
Q

What is the omenta?

A

A double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects an organ to another organ

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8
Q

What is the stomach?

A

A J-shaped organ located at the base of the esophagus

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9
Q

Where does the esophagus pass through and what is this called?

A

The diaphragm, the esophageal hiatus

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10
Q

What is the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

A smooth muscle ring that prevents reflux

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11
Q

What is the gross structure of the stomach?

A

Cardia, fundus, body and pylorus

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12
Q

What is the cardia of the stomach?

A

Area closest to the heart

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13
Q

What is the fundus of the stomach?

A

The broad end (most superior), generally filled with gases

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14
Q

What is the pylorus of the stomach?

A

The area that controls the flow of chyme into the intestines

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15
Q

What is the function of the omenta?

A

To hold the stomach in place

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16
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A

The stomach to the liver

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17
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

The stomach to the transverse colon

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18
Q

What are the layers of the stomach?

A

Mucosa, submucosa and muscularis

(No adventitia layer, however, has a layer of serosa which is NOT one of the 3 official walls of the stomach, just a protective layer of connective tissue)

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19
Q

What are the modifications to the mucosa?

A

In-folding in the simple columnar epithelium increases surface area for secretion via gastric glands

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20
Q

What are the modifications to the submucosa?

A

Contain rugae

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21
Q

What are rugae?

A

Temporary folds that allow for the expansion of the stomach, at the core of the submucosa and are important for storage purposes.

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22
Q

What are the modifications to the muscularis?

A

Three layers inner to outter; oblique, circular, longitudinal

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23
Q

Why is the muscularis modified?

A

For motility

24
Q

What are the gastric glands?

A

Any of the branched tubules in the inner lining of the stomach that secrete gastric juice and protective mucus

25
Q

What is the purpose of the gastric glands?

A

To provide the stomach with the necessary acid and enzymes for digestion, mucous for protection and hormones for regulation

26
Q

What is the anatomy of the gastric glands?

A

Begin with the pits that are lined by epithelial goblet cells

27
Q

What is the purpose of the epithelial goblet cell lining of the gastric pit?

A

To secrete mucus for protection and lead into the glands

28
Q

What are the three cells within the gastric gland?

A

Parietal cells, G cells and chief cells

29
Q

What is the purpose of the parietal cells?

A

To secrete acid and intrinsic factor for digestion

30
Q

What is the purpose of the G cells?

A

To secrete hormones for regulation

31
Q

What is the purpose of the chief cells?

A

To secrete pepsinogen, an inactive precursor of pepsin which is an enzyme for digestion

32
Q

What is the histology of the chief cells?

A

Abundant rough ER, apical zymogen granules and a basal nucleus

33
Q

With is the histology of the parietal cells?

A

Abundant mitochondria, central nucleus, microvilli and canaliculi, pumps H+

34
Q

What is a microvilli?

A

Folded structures to increase surface area

35
Q

What is a canaliculi?

A

The channels between the microvilli where the H+ are released

36
Q

What is the endocrine control of the stomach?

A

Stomach contains endocrine cells in the mucosa; gastrin and ghrelin are secreted into the blood stream

37
Q

What is the neural control of the stomach?

A

Enteric nervous system (ENS) provides local reflexes and primary control. CNS modulates ENS function - long neural reflexes

38
Q

What separates the stomach and small intestine?

A

Pyloric sphincter

39
Q

What is chyme?

A

Partially digested food

40
Q

What does the chyme entering the SI require?

A

Further digestion from enzymes

41
Q

What does the SI require as chyme enters?

A

Protection from the acid; given by mucus and neutralising acid

42
Q

What is the neutralising acid?

A

Enzymes and bicarbonate

43
Q

What provides the mucus in the SI?

A

The glands of the submucosa of the duodenum

44
Q

Where are the enzymes and bicarbonate provided from for the SI?

A

The pancreas

45
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

A retroperitoneal, stationary organ with its head in the C-shaped duodenum and tail pointing to the spleen

46
Q

Where does the pancreas lie?

A

Posterior to the stomach

47
Q

What two functions does the pancreas have?

A

Endocrine and exocrine

48
Q

What is endocrine function?

A

Hormones send through the blood to organs

49
Q

What is exocrine function?

A

Secretion of products directly onto organ surface

50
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic islet alpha cells secrete glucagon and pancreatic islet beta cells secrete enzymes

51
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Acinar cells secrete enzymes and duct cells secrete bicarbonate

52
Q

What are pancreatic acinar cells?

A

Apical zymogen granules with a basal nucleus and abundant rough ER

53
Q

Where do the bile duct and pancreatic ducts meet?

A

At the entrance to the hepatopancreatic ampulla

54
Q

What is the duodenal papilla?

A

The point where the dilated junction of the pancreatic duct and the bile duct enter the duodenum which projects into the duodenal lumen

55
Q

What controls the release of secretions from the pancreas?

A

The hepatopancreatic sphincter

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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