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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 33 > Flashcards

Lecture 33 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of epithelium is found in most the urinary tract?

A

Transitional epithelium

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2
Q

What is transitional epithelium?

A

Stratified, rounded epithelial cells that flatten when stretched

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3
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

A

Protection

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4
Q

How many ureters are there?

A

Two

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5
Q

What are the ureters?

A

Slender tube structures that arise from each renal pelvis at each hilum and carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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6
Q

Where do the ureters lie?

A

Retroperitoneally

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7
Q

What moves urine to the bladder?

A

Peristaltic waves

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8
Q

What are the three layers of the ureter wall?

A

Mucosa, muscularis, adventitia

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9
Q

What is the mucosa composed of?

A

Lamina propria and transitional epithelium

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10
Q

What does the mucosa of the ureters secrete?

A

Protein plaque

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11
Q

What is a protein plaque?

A

A waxy substance that sits along the inner surface of the ureter to create a double layer of protection

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12
Q

What is the composition of the muscularis in the ureters?

A

Inner longitudinal, outer circular

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13
Q

How do the ureters enter the bladder?

A

On an oblique angle through the wall at its posterolateral corners

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14
Q

What does the oblique angle act as?

A

A sphincter/valve that is compressed by increased bladder pressure to prevent backflow

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15
Q

What is the urinary bladder?

A

A collapsible muscular sac that stores and expels urine

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16
Q

What happens to the bladder when it is empty?

A

It lies within the pelvis, collapses along the rugae and is a pyramidal shape

17
Q

What happens to the bladder when it is full?

A

It becomes a spherical shape and can be palpated above the pubic symphysis

18
Q

What happens to the bladder when it is filling?

A

It expands without a great increase in pressure (~500mL) superiorly into the abdominal cavity

19
Q

What is the location of the male urinary bladder?

A

Anterior to the rectum, superior to the prostate gland which wraps around the urethra

20
Q

What is the location of the female urinary bladder?

A

Anterior to the vagina and uterus

21
Q

Where are the rugae of the urinary bladder?

A

In the mucosa of transitional epithelium

22
Q

What is the muscle of the urinary bladder called?

A

Detrusor

23
Q

What is the composition and function of muscle in the urinary bladder?

A

Longitudinal, circular and oblique fibres in no distinct layer only function is to contract and expel urine

24
Q

What is the urethra?

A

A thin-walled tube that drains urine from the bladder, out of the body

25
Q

What are the epithelial changes along the urethra?

A

Transitional epithelium near the bladder, columnar between and then stratified squamose near the external opening. Also containing mucus glands for protection

26
Q

What is the length of the female urethra?

A

~5cm

27
Q

What is the length of the male urethra?

A

~25cm

28
Q

What is the difference between the male and female urethra?

A

Male is apart of the reproductive system, female is not

29
Q

What are the three sections of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic, membranous and penile (spongy)

30
Q

How many urethral sphincters are there?

A

Two; internal and external

31
Q

What is the internal urethral sphincter?

A

Detrusor muscle so under involuntary control, at the junction of the bladder and urethra

32
Q

What is the external urethral sphincter?

A

Skeletal muscle so under voluntary control, located where the urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm

33
Q

Explain urination

A

The bladder fills and expands, APs sent from stretch receptors to the brain, urgency increases and signals increase. This causes the internal sphincter to relax and a conscious decision is made to relax the external sphincter

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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