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HUBS192 2022 > lecture 5 - anatomy of the heart 2 > Flashcards

lecture 5 - anatomy of the heart 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of heart valves?

A

Semilunar and atrioventricular

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2
Q

What is the distribution of the 2 valve types in the heart?

A

One of each type (AV and semilunar) on each side

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3
Q

What does AV valve stand for?

A

Atrioventricular valve

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4
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?

A

Sit between the atria and ventricles and prevent blood from returning to the atria during ventricular contraction

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5
Q

What is the name for the AV valve on the right side of the heart?

A

Tricuspid valve

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6
Q

What is the name for the AV valve on the left side of the heart?

A

Mitral/Bicuspid valve

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7
Q

What is the function of the semilunar valves?

A

Sit between the ventricles and outflow vessels of the heart (pulmonary artery or aorta) and prevent blood from returning to the ventricles during filling (diastole), and stop back flow as blood is pumped out of the heart.

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8
Q

What is the name for the semilunar valve found on the right side of the heart?

A

Pulmonary valve

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9
Q

What is the name of the semilunar valve on the left hand side of the heart?

A

Aortic valve

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10
Q

How do semilunar valves open and close?

A

They are pushed open as blood flows out of the heart and close as blood starts to back flow

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11
Q

How many cusps do AV valves have?

A

2 or 3 - Tricuspid has 3 and Mitral has 2

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12
Q

How many cusps do semilunar valves have?

A

3 - both for pulmonary and aortic

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13
Q

What are the 2 key phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

Diastole and systole

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14
Q

What is diastole?

A

A phase in which the heart relaxes after contraction. Ventricles fill passively from the superior atria as the AV valves are open.

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15
Q

What valves are opened and which are closed during diastole?

A

AV valves open, semilunar closed

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16
Q

What is systole?

A

A phase of the heart in which the heart contracts to pump blood out via the ventricles, via the open semilunar valves

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17
Q

What valves are open and which are closed during systole?

A

AV valves are closed and semilunar are open

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18
Q

What structure of the heart prevents the valves from slamming close to hard?

A

Papillary muscles

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19
Q

What are the papillary muscles of the heart?

A

They attach to AV valves and, via tension applied by the chordae tendenae, prevent the valves from snapping shut or prolapsing

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20
Q

What structure provides tension on the AV valves via attachment with the papillary muscles?

A

Chordae tendinae

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21
Q

What is the name given to the ‘heartstrings’?

A

Chordae tendineae

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22
Q

What is the cardiac circulation?

A

A system of vessels (coronary arteries and cardiac veins) that deliver and exchange blood with heart muscle/tissue

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23
Q

What is the name for blood vessels that supply the heart with oxygenated blood?

A

Coronary arteries

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24
Q

What is the name given to blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood from heart tissue?

A

Cardiac veins

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25
Q

Where do the left and right coronary arteries originate?

A

The aorta

26
Q

What does the left coronary artery branch into?

A

The anterior inter ventricular artery and circumflex artery

27
Q

Where does the anterior interventricular artery lie?

A

Across the inter-ventricular septum, in the coronary groove

28
Q

What are the 2 key cardiac veins?

A

Great and Small Cardiac veins

29
Q

What cardiac veins drain into the coronary sinus?

A

Great and small

30
Q

Where do the cardiac veins finish circulating blood, so that it can enter the right atrium?

A

The coronary sinus

31
Q

What is the name for cardiac muscle cells?

A

cardiomyocytes

32
Q

Is cardiac muscle striated or unstriated?

A

Striated, like skeletal muscle

33
Q

What is the shape of cardiomyocytes?

A

Short and branched

34
Q

How many nuclei do cardiomyocytes have?

A

1, occasionally 2

35
Q

What is the shape and position of the nuclei of cardiomyocytes?

A

Oval shaped, central

36
Q

What is the nature of the cytoplasmic contents of cardiomyocytes?

A

Organelles are packed at the poles of the nucleus.

37
Q

How are cardiomyocytes interconnected with neighbouring cells?

A

Via intercalated disc (ICDs)

38
Q

What percentage of cardiomyocyte volume is made up of mitochondria?

A

20%

39
Q

What are cardiac adhesion belts?

A

Transmembrane proteins linking actin to the actin of neighbouring cells, so that when one sarcomere contracts it propagates the contraction to the neighbouring cell.

40
Q

What are cardiac gap junctions?

A

Junctions that run parallel to cardiomyocytes, and are used for electrochemical communication

41
Q

What type of cellular protein is used to connect the actin filaments of neighbouring cells’ sarcomeres via physical propagation?

A

adhesion belts

42
Q

What are desmosomes in terms of cardiomyocytes?

A

An intercellular junction component of intercalated discs. Links cytokeratin of the cellular cytoskeleton to prevent the cells from coming apart when contraction is transmitted.

43
Q

How is the nervous system involved in the heart’s conduction system?

A

Autonomic nerves alter the rate of conduction of impulse generation

44
Q

What are the conduction pathways of the heart made up of?

A

Modified cardiac muscle (not nervous tissue)

45
Q

Where does the conduction pathway of the heart begin - where are contractions initiated?

A

The sinoatrial node

46
Q

What is the function of the sinoatrial node?

A

The start of the heart’s conduction pathway, spontaneously produces conduction potentials that lead to contraction of the heart muscle.

47
Q

How is the rate of conduction potentials in the heart controlled?

A

Initiated by the sinoatrial node, with rate further alterations by nerves

48
Q

What pathways of the heart’s conduction system serve the left and right ventricles?

A

The Left and RIght bundle branches

49
Q

Where do the Left and Right bundle branches originate?

A

They split from the Atrioventricular node

50
Q

What is the name for the terminal branches of the heart’s conduction pathway?

A

Purkinje fibres

51
Q

What are purkinje fibres?

A

The terminal branches of the heart’s conduction pathway that help to initiate heart contraction

52
Q

What type of conduction fibres aid in the control of the papillary muscles?

A

Purkinje fibres

53
Q

What proportion of cardiac cells are made up of conduction cells?

A

1%

54
Q

Why do conduction cells contain some peripheral myofibrils?

A

Because they were once cardiac muscle cells, so some contractile apparatus remain

55
Q

What is the location of the nuclei of conduction cells?

A

In the centre of the cell

56
Q

What are the relative proportions of the intercellular junction found in conduction cells in the heart?

A

Lots of gap junctions, some desmosomes, few adhesion belts

57
Q

Why do conduction cells have a relatively large number of gap junction connecting them?

A

Allows for rapid, extensive intercellular communication.

58
Q

Why do cardiac conduction cells require few adhesion belts?

A

They do not need to physically transmit contractions to the sarcomeres of neighbouring cells, as the do not have a contractile function like cardiomyocytes.

59
Q

What is the relative amount of mitochondria in conduction cells of the heart?

A

Have lots of mitochondria

60
Q

What are heart valves comprised of?

A

A layer of fibrous connective tissue with a layer of endothelial cells on the surface

HUBS192 2022 (38 decks)

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