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HUBS192 2022 > lecture 21 - the stomach & pancreas > Flashcards

lecture 21 - the stomach & pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

How does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm and into the stomach?

A

Via the oesophageal hiatus

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2
Q

What feature of the oesophagus prevents reflux from the stomach?

A

The lower oesophageal sphincter (LES)

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3
Q

How does a bolus of food move through the oesophagus into the stomach?

A

Via peristalsis - a motility pattern - down the muscular oesophagus

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4
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the stomach?

A

Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

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5
Q

What is the entry point of the stomach?

A

The cardia

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6
Q

What is the top of the stomach?

A

The fundus

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7
Q

What is the largest part of the stomach, making up the mid section?

A

The body

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8
Q

What is the bottom/exit part of the stomach?

A

The pylorus

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9
Q

what is the function of the pyloric antrum?

A

Connects the pylorus to the body of the stomach

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10
Q

What is the top of the small intestine where the contents of the stomach passes into?

A

The duodenum

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11
Q

What are the 2 omenta of the stomach?

A

Less and Greater omentum

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12
Q

What does the lesser omentum of the stomach connect?

A

Stomach to liver

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13
Q

What does the greater omentum of the stomach connect?

A

stomach to transverse colon

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14
Q

What are the 2 curvatures of the stomach called?

A

The greater and lesser curvature

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15
Q

How is the muscularis of the stomach adapted?

A

Modified for motility to promote mechanical digestion. Therefore, it has 3 layers rather than the usual 2

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16
Q

What are the 3 layers of the muscularis in the stomach?

A

oblique (inner), circular (middle), longitudinal (outer)

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17
Q

What part of the stomach has the thickest muscle?

A

The distal/bottom part to help move food through the stomach

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18
Q

What is the name for the temporary folds on the internal surface of the stomach?

A

Rugae

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19
Q

What is the function of the rugae of the stomach?

A

Temporary folds that allow for the expansion of the stomach for storage

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20
Q

What is the structrue of a single stomach rugae?

A

Folded core of submucosa with overlying mucosa

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21
Q

What do the gastric glands of the stomach secrete for digestion?

A

Acid & enzymes

22
Q

What do the gastric glands of the stomach secrete for protection?

A

Mucous

23
Q

What do the gastric glands of the stomach secrete for regulation?

A

hormones

24
Q

What are the 4 types of cells that make up gastric glands/pits?

A

Mucous epithelial cells (gastric pit) parietal cells, G cells, chief cells (gastric gland)

25
Q

What is a gastric pit?

A

A duct that lies at the surface above gastric glands and secretes mucous via mucous epithelial cells

26
Q

What are the 3 cell types of gastric glands?

A

parietal cells, G cells, chief cells

27
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

Acid & intrinsic factor

28
Q

What do G cells secrete?

A

hormones (gastrin)

29
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Enzymes, such as pepsinogen

30
Q

What is pepsinogen?

A

Active precursor of pepsin, secreted by chief cells within gastric glands

31
Q

How do parietal cells produce acid?

A

They pump protons (H+) against their concentration gradient out of the cell, using energy

32
Q

What are the features of parietal cells that reflect their function?

A

Abundant mitochondria to power ion pumping, and large surface area. Central nucleus as no granules taking up space at the apical aspect

33
Q

What are the features of chief cells that reflect their function?

A

Abundant rough ER for protein/enzyme processing, apical zymogen granules containing enzymes. Nucleus pushed to base of cell by full apical aspect

34
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of stomach regulation?

A

Endocrine and neural control

35
Q

How does the stomach use the endocrine system for regulation of function?

A

Endocrine cells in the mucosa secrete the hormones gastrin and ghrelin into the bloodstream

36
Q

What are the 2 key hormones for endocrine regulation of the stomach?

A

Gastrin and ghrelin

37
Q

Where are the endocrine cells of the stomach found?

A

In the mucosa

38
Q

How does the stomach use the neural system for regulation of function?

A

The enteric nervous system (ENS) provides primary control and local reflexes, and this modulated by long neural reflexes from the CNS

39
Q

What is chyme?

A

Partially digested material, including acidic gastric acid and enzymes, that moves from the stomach into the duodenum

40
Q

What physically controls the release of chyme into the small intestine (duodenum)?

A

The pyloric sphincter (PS)

41
Q

What do the glands of the duodenum secrete?

A

Mucous, to protect the epithelium from the acidity of the chyme coming from the stomach

42
Q

Where do digestive enzymes and bicarbonate in the duodenum come from?

A

The pancreas

43
Q

What is the duodenal papilla?

A

The duct where fluid from the pancreatic and bile ducts pass into the lumen of the duodenum of the small intestine

44
Q

Where do the pancreatic and bile duct meet?

A

At the entrance of the hepato-pancreatic ampulla

45
Q

How is the release of substances from the duodenal papilla physically controlled?

A

By the hepatopancreatic sphincter

46
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

Secretion of glucagon and insulin to regulate blood glucose levels

47
Q

Where is insulin secreted?

A

Pancreatic islet beta cells

48
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Digestive function via secretion from glands. Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes while duct cells secrete bicarbonate

49
Q

What is the function of pancreatic acinar cells?

A

Secrete enzymes for digestion.

50
Q

What is the structure of pancreatic acinar cells?

A

Have apical zymogen granules, basal nucleus, and abundant rough ER

51
Q

What cells of the pancreas secrete bicarbonate?

A

Pancreatic duct cells

HUBS192 2022 (38 decks)

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