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HUBS192 2022 > lecture 29 - the nephron > Flashcards

lecture 29 - the nephron Flashcards

1
Q

How many nephrons are found in each kidney?

A

1 million

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of nephron?

A

Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons

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3
Q

What is the major type of nephron, making up 85% of all nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons

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4
Q

Where do cortical nephrons mainly lie?

A

The cortex of the kidneys

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5
Q

Where do juxtameduallry nephrons sit?

A

Glomerular capsule and tubules in the cortex, but the nephron loop extends deep into the medulla

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6
Q

What are juxtamedullary nephrons important for?

A

The formation of concentrated urine

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7
Q

What are the 3 key components of a nephron?

A

A glomerular capsule, renal tubules and a collecting duct

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8
Q

What blood vessels are each nephron associated with?

A

A glomerulus and peritubular capillaries

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9
Q

What are glomerular capillaries specialised for?

A

Filtration

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10
Q

What is the structure of glomerular capillary walls?

A

Single layer of fenestrated endothelial cells

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11
Q

What regulates glomerular capillary blood pressure?

A

Input and output via the afferent and efferent arteriolar sphincters

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12
Q

What are the peritubular capillaries specialised for?

A

Absorption - are fenestrated

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13
Q

Where are the peritubular capillaries located?

A

Wrapped around the renal tubules

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14
Q

What blood do the peritubular capillaries receive?

A

Filtered blood from the glomerulus via efferent arterioles

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15
Q

How do peritubular capillaries remove unwanted solutes?

A

Some solutes that were unfiltered in the glomerulus and need to be excreted can pass into the nephron via secretion

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16
Q

What are the vasa recta?

A

Extensions of the peritubular capillaries that follow juxtamedullary nephron loops deep into the medulla

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17
Q

What type of nephrons have vasa recta?

A

Only juxtamedullary nephrons - not cortical nephrons

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18
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

The first part of a nephron, where the glomerulus sits, enclosed by the glomerular capsule. Where the capillary and nephron meet, and where filtration occurs

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19
Q

What is the site of the filtration barrier in the kidneys?

A

The renal corpuscle of nephrons

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20
Q

What are the 2 layers of the glomerular capsule?

A

Outer parietal layer of simple squamous cells, and an inner visceral layer of podocytes

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21
Q

What sits between the 2 layers of the glomerular capsule?

A

The capsular space/urinary space

22
Q

What is the function of the capsular space in the glomerular capsule?

A

Receives filtrate from the filtration of blood in the glomerular capillaries

23
Q

Where are podocytees located?

A

Make up the inner layer of the glomerular capsule in the renal corpuscles of the kidneys

24
Q

What is the structure of a podocyte?

A

Highly branched, specialised epithelial cell that has branches that form intertwining foot processes called pedicels with filtration slits between them.

25
Q

What is the name for the intertwining foot process of podocytes?

A

Pedicels

26
Q

What is the name for the gaps between pedicels?

A

Filtration slits

27
Q

What is the function of filtration slits in the glomerulus?

A

Filtered blood (filtrate) goes though these slits and passes into the capsular space

28
Q

What does the kidney filtration barrier allow the passage of?

A

water and small molecules

29
Q

What does the kidney filtration barrier restrict the passage of?

A

Most proteins, and red blood cells

30
Q

What are the 3 layers of the filtration barrier?

A

Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary, fused basement membrane, filtration slits between the pedicels of the podocytes

31
Q

What are the 2 tubules in a nephron?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule

32
Q

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubules?

A

Bulk reabsorption of filtered solutes

33
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

34
Q

What feature of proximal convoluted tubule increases the surface area within the lumen?

A

Dense microvilli brush border on the luminal membrane

35
Q

What feature of proximal convoluted tubule increases the surface area on the outside of the tube?

A

Highly folded basolateral membrane

36
Q

What organelle is very prevalent in the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubules, and why?

A

Mitochondria - because the active transport required for bulk reabsorption requires a lot of energy

37
Q

Why is the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubules leaky?

A

To allow for diffusion across the tight junctions between cells - paracellular transport

38
Q

What does the length of a nephron loop determine?

A

The concentration of urine

39
Q

What are the 4 parts of the nephron loop?

A

Thin descending limb, thick descending limb, thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb

40
Q

What is the main function of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

‘Fine tuning’ of absorption - reabsorption if necessary

41
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

42
Q

Does the distal or proximal convoluted tubule have a thinner epithelial wall?

A

Distal

43
Q

What is the structure of a distal convoluted epithelial cell?

A

Few microvilli - so no brush border. Fewer mitochondria than the PCT

44
Q

What is reabsorption by the distal convoluted tubule influenced by?

A

Aldosterone & ADH

45
Q

What is the process of drainage from collecting ducts?

A

Filtrate from several nephron DCTs drain into one collecting duct, which empty at papilla.

46
Q

What epithelium type makes up collecting ducts in the kidneys?

A

Simple cuboidal

47
Q

What is the cellular structure of the collecting ducts in the kidneys?

A

Wall of simple cuboidal epithelium, with principal and intercalated cells

48
Q

What is the function of principal cells in the collecting duct?

A

Reabsorption of solutes in the filtrate

49
Q

What is the function of intercalated cells in the collecting duct?

A

Acid/base balance

50
Q

What hormones influence reabsorption in the collecting duct?

A

Aldosterone and ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

HUBS192 2022 (38 decks)

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